{"id":648,"date":"2012-07-16T10:46:05","date_gmt":"2012-07-16T10:46:05","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.utm.my\/amtec\/?page_id=648"},"modified":"2022-04-19T00:28:55","modified_gmt":"2022-04-18T16:28:55","slug":"carbon-fiber","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/research.utm.my\/amtec\/research-area\/carbon-fiber\/","title":{"rendered":"Carbon Fiber"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><div class=\"et_d4_element et_pb_section et_pb_section_0 et_pb_with_background  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular et_block_section\" >\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"et_pb_module et_d4_element et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_0 et_animated et_hover_enabled  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_dark\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"header-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Organic Membrane<\/h1>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"scroll-down-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"scroll-down et-pb-icon\">&#xe044;<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<\/a><\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div><div class=\"et_d4_element et_pb_section et_pb_section_1  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode et_section_regular et_block_section\" >\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_d4_element et_pb_row et_pb_row_0 et_pb_row_fullwidth et_pb_equal_columns et_pb_gutters1  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode et_block_row\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_d4_element et_pb_column_1_2 et_pb_column et_pb_column_0  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode et_block_column\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_pb_with_border et_pb_module et_d4_element et_pb_image et_pb_image_0\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"et_pb_image_wrap \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"698\" height=\"523\" src=\"https:\/\/research.utm.my\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/25\/2012\/07\/MEMBRANE-TECHNOLOGY1.png\" alt=\"\" title=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/research.utm.my\/amtec\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/25\/2012\/07\/MEMBRANE-TECHNOLOGY1.png 698w, https:\/\/research.utm.my\/amtec\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/25\/2012\/07\/MEMBRANE-TECHNOLOGY1-320x240.png 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 698px) 100vw, 698px\" class=\"wp-image-2443\" \/><\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div><div class=\"et_d4_element et_pb_column_1_2 et_pb_column et_pb_column_1  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode et-last-child et_block_column\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_pb_module et_d4_element et_pb_divider et_pb_divider_0 et_animated et_pb_space\"><div class=\"et_pb_divider_internal\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_d4_element et_pb_cta_0 et_animated et_hover_enabled et_pb_promo  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_no_bg\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_pb_promo_description\"><h2 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Membrane Technology: A Sustainable Environmental and Industrial Solution <\/h2><div><p>Membrane-based separation is a sustainable and dignified technology that offers immense benefits to the mankind. &gt;&gt;&gt;<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div><style type=\"text\/css\">.et_pb_cta_0.et_pb_promo{background-color:transparent !important;}<\/style>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div><div class=\"et_d4_element et_pb_row et_pb_row_1  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode et_block_row\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_d4_element et_pb_column_1_2 et_pb_column et_pb_column_2  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode et_block_column\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_pb_module et_d4_element et_pb_text et_pb_text_0  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p style=\"text-align: justify\">Membrane filtration systems combine the innovative system designs and engineered high performance\u00a0membranes for a wide spectrum of fluid separation applications ranging from desalination and wastewater treatment to greenhouse gas removal. Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre (AMTEC), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM) is one of the leading research centres that has constantly engaged with its indigenous and advanced research and development of membrane technology to provide ultimate solutions to the current environmental and industrial problems.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\n<h5><span style=\"font-size: x-large\"><strong>What is Membrane?<\/strong><\/span><\/h5>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\"Membrane\" originates from latin word, <em>membrana<\/em>, which means skin. Membrane is regarded as a selective barrier between two phases,\u00a0 usually a solid film, and occasionally a fluid film of a small but observable thickness.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Development of membranes dates back to 1748, where Abb\u00e9 Nolet coined the word \u2018osmosis\u2019 to describe the permeation of water through a diaphragm. Early researches on membranes usually involved biological membranes comes from animals such as bladders of pigs, cattle or fish and sausage casings made of animal gut, until the first synthetic nitrocellulose membranes were successfully prepared in laboratories around the 1900s.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">To date, the pace of membrane technology steadily increases as it covers a wide variety of chemical and physical applications mainly because membranes offer ease of operation, economic viability for smaller unit operations, low energy cost, compactness, and so on. Generally speaking, membrane is attractive because of its unique ability to permeate specific components pass through it. This ability was being exploited for quite a number of\u00a0<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div><div class=\"et_d4_element et_pb_column_1_2 et_pb_column et_pb_column_3  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode et-last-child et_block_column\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_pb_module et_d4_element et_pb_text et_pb_text_1  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p style=\"text-align: justify\">applications and yet still growing for new commercial purposes. Microfiltration (MF),\u00a0ultrafiltration (UF), nanofiltration (NF),\u00a0reverse osmosis (RO), electrodialysis (ED), membrane electrolysis (ME), diffusion dialysis (DD), and dialysis is the first generation of membrane processes developed since 1920s. Loeb and Sourirajan\u2019s works on preparation of anisotropic membrane for reverse osmosis application in 1960s has been a paradigm shift in membrane technology. Separation through thin dense membrane favors separation in molecular level leads to emergence of state-of-the-art second generation membrane processes namely gas and vapor separation, membrane distillation (MD), pervaporation (PV), membrane contactors (MC) and carrier mediated process and yet, still evolving and intensely studied.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">The performance of a membrane is characterised by its permeability and selectivity. The membrane\u2019s ability to permit specific penetrant pass through the membrane, known as the permeability whereas, selectivity is the membrane\u2019s ability to allow certain species to pass through it but not the other. Membrane economics are closely linked to their transport properties: permeability, which determines separation productivity; and selectivity, determines the separation efficiency.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">These mechanisms of permeability and selectivity are driven by differences in driving force. Separation by membranes will be propelled with the presence of driving force. Different applications will require different driving force to perform the specific separation. For instance, water separation and purification by the use of membrane (MF, UF and RO) requires pressure to achieve the separation. On the other hand, separation of vapor and gas mixtures propelled by the presence of concentration gradient.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":205,"featured_media":0,"parent":629,"menu_order":11,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","template":"","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"on","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-648","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/research.utm.my\/amtec\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/648","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/research.utm.my\/amtec\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/research.utm.my\/amtec\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/research.utm.my\/amtec\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/205"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/research.utm.my\/amtec\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=648"}],"version-history":[{"count":14,"href":"https:\/\/research.utm.my\/amtec\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/648\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":28188,"href":"https:\/\/research.utm.my\/amtec\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/648\/revisions\/28188"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/research.utm.my\/amtec\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/629"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/research.utm.my\/amtec\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=648"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}