Air Quality Research Bibliography

The rapid economic development of the ASEAN region is causing dangerous levels of air pollution, hazardous to human health. Satellite Remote Sensing is a suitable technology to measure and monitor pollution levels in a quantitative, repetitive and reliable way. In this ongoing study we show that over 600 million people in the area of ASEAN are living under a cancerous cloud. One hundred percent of the population live in areas polluted at levels above the World Health Organization’s Air Quality Guideline, a level at which mortality increases. We will present the results of ten years of measurements, which monitor, on a monthly basis, the Particulate Matter levels of the entire ASEAN region. The results show that, although the levels currently are lower than they were ten years ago, the pollution levels of the entire region are still above human health safety levels. The transnational boundary issues involved in this region will be discussed in detail.

The following list of literature references are meant to provide other researchers in the field with our bibliography for further investigations.

    1. Kelly FJ, Fuller GW, Walton HA, Fussell JC., (2012) Monitoring air pollution: use of early warning systems for public health. Respirology. 2012 Jan;17(1):7-19. doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1843.2011.02065.x. Review.
    2. Moshammer H, Wallner P., (2011) Air quality as respiratory health indicator: a critical review. Int J Occup Med Environ Health. 2011 Sep;24(3):241-8. doi: 10.2478/s13382-011-0028-9. Epub 2011 Aug 16. Review.
    3. Bell ML, Davis D, Cifuentes L, Cohen A, Gouveia N, Grant L, Green C, Johnson T, Rogat J, Spengler J, Thurston G., (2002)  International expert workshop on the analysis of the economic and public health impacts of air pollution: workshop summary. Environ Health Perspect. 2002 Nov;110(11):1163-8.
    4. Davis DL, Bell ML, Fletcher T. (2002) A look back at the London smog of 1952 and the half century since. Environ Health Perspect. 2002 Dec;110(12):A734-5. No abstract available.
    5. Bell ML, Davis DL, Fletcher T., (2004) A retrospective assessment of mortality from the London smog episode of 1952: the role of influenza and pollution. Environ Health Perspect. 2004 Jan;112(1):6-8.
    6. Bell ML, Samet JM, Dominici F., (2004) Time-series studies of particulate matter. Annu Rev Public Health. 2004;25:247-80. Review.
    7. Samet JM, Bell ML., (2004) Commentary: nitrogen dioxide and asthma redux. Int J Epidemiol. 2004 Feb;33(1):215-6. No abstract available.
    8. Bell ML, McDermott A, Zeger SL, Samet JM, Dominici F., (2004) Ozone and short-term mortality in 95 US urban communities, 1987-2000. JAMA. 2004 Nov 17;292(19):2372-8.
    9. Bell ML, Hobbs BF, Ellis H. (2005) Metrics matter: conflicting air quality rankings from different indices of air pollution. J Air Waste Manag Assoc. 2005 Jan;55(1):97-106.
    10. Bell ML, Dominici F, Samet JM. (2005) A meta-analysis of time-series studies of ozone and mortality with comparison to the national morbidity, mortality, and air pollution study. Epidemiology. 2005 Jul;16(4):436-45.
    11. Bell ML, Davis DL, Gouveia N, Borja-Aburto VH, Cifuentes LA. (2006) The avoidable health effects of air pollution in three Latin American cities: Santiago, São Paulo, and Mexico City. Environ Res. 2006 Mar;100(3):431-40. Epub 2005 Sep 19.
    12. Bell ML. (2006) The use of ambient air quality modeling to estimate individual and population exposure for human health research: a case study of ozone in the Northern Georgia Region of the United States. Environ Int. 2006 Jul;32(5):586-93. Epub 2006 Mar 6.
    13. Dominici F, Peng RD, Bell ML, Pham L, McDermott A, Zeger SL, Samet JM. (2006) Fine particulate air pollution and hospital admission for cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. JAMA. 2006 Mar 8;295(10):1127-34.
    14. Bell ML, Peng RD, Dominici F., (2006) The exposure-response curve for ozone and risk of mortality and the adequacy of current ozone regulations. Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Apr;114(4):532-6.
    15. Bell ML, Dominici F, Ebisu K, Zeger SL, Samet JM. (2007) Spatial and temporal variation in PM(2.5) chemical composition in the United States for health effects studies. Environ Health Perspect. 2007 Jul;115(7):989-95.
    16. Bell ML, Ebisu K, Belanger K., (2007) Ambient air pollution and low birth weight in Connecticut and Massachusetts. Environ Health Perspect. 2007 Jul;115(7):1118-24.
    17. Bell ML, Kim JY, Dominici F., (2007) Potential confounding of particulate matter on the short-term association between ozone and mortality in multisite time-series studies. Environ Health Perspect. 2007 Nov;115(11):1591-5.
    18. Dominici F, Peng RD, Ebisu K, Zeger SL, Samet JM, Bell ML., (2007) Does the effect of PM10 on mortality depend on PM nickel and vanadium content? A reanalysis of the NMMAPS data. Environ Health Perspect. 2007 Dec;115(12):1701-3.
    19. Peng RD, Chang HH, Bell ML, McDermott A, Zeger SL, Samet JM, Dominici F. (2008) Coarse particulate matter air pollution and hospital admissions for cardiovascular and respiratory diseases among Medicare patients. JAMA. 2008 May 14;299(18):2172-9.
    20. Bell ML, Dominici F. (2008) Effect modification by community characteristics on the short-term effects of ozone exposure and mortality in 98 US communities. Am J Epidemiol. 2008 Apr 15;167(8):986-97. Epub 2008 Feb 25.
    21. Bell ML, O’Neill MS, Ranjit N, Borja-Aburto VH, Cifuentes LA, Gouveia NC. (2008) Vulnerability to heat-related mortality in Latin America: a case-crossover study in Sao Paulo, Brazil, Santiago, Chile and Mexico City, Mexico. Int J Epidemiol. 2008 Aug;37(4):796-804. Epub 2008 May 29.
    22. Stratton L, O’Neill MS, Kruk ME, Bell ML. (2008) The persistent problem of malaria: addressing the fundamental causes of a global killer. Soc Sci Med. 2008 Sep;67(5):854-62. Epub 2008 Jun 26.
    23. Jiang R, Bell ML. (2008) A comparison of particulate matter from biomass-burning rural and non-biomass-burning urban households in northeastern China. Environ Health Perspect. 2008 Jul;116(7):907-14.
    24. Bell ML, Davis DL, Cifuentes LA, Krupnick AJ, Morgenstern RD, Thurston GD. (2008)  Ancillary human health benefits of improved air quality resulting from climate change mitigation. Environ Health. 2008 Jul 31;7:41. Review.
    25. O’Neill MS, Bell ML, Ranjit N, Cifuentes LA, Loomis D, Gouveia N, Borja-Aburto VH. (2008) Air pollution and mortality in Latin America: the role of education. Epidemiology. 2008 Nov;19(6):810-9.
    26. Bell ML, Ebisu K, Peng RD, Walker J, Samet JM, Zeger SL, Dominici F. (2008) Seasonal and regional short-term effects of fine particles on hospital admissions in 202 US counties, 1999-2005. Am J Epidemiol. 2008 Dec 1;168(11):1301-10. Epub 2008 Oct 14.
    27. Anderson GB, Bell ML. (2010) Does one size fit all? The suitability of standard ozone exposure metric conversion ratios and implications for epidemiology. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol. 2010 Jan;20(1):2-11. Epub 2008 Nov 5.
    28. Anderson BG, Bell ML. (2009) Weather-related mortality: how heat, cold, and heat waves affect mortality in the United States. Epidemiology. 2009 Mar;20(2):205-13.
    29. Woodruff TJ, Parker JD, Darrow LA, Slama R, Bell ML, Choi H, Glinianaia S, Hoggatt KJ, Karr CJ, Lobdell DT, Wilhelm M. (2009) Methodological issues in studies of air pollution and reproductive health. Environ Res. 2009 Apr;109(3):311-20. Epub 2009 Feb 11.
    30. Bell ML, Ebisu K, Peng RD, Samet JM, Dominici F. (2009) Hospital admissions and chemical composition of fine particle air pollution. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2009 Jun 15;179(12):1115-20. Epub 2009 Mar 19.
    31. Bell ML, Ebisu K, Peng RD, Dominici F. (2009) Adverse health effects of particulate air pollution: modification by air conditioning. Epidemiology. 2009 Sep;20(5):682-6.
    32. Peng RD, Bell ML, Geyh AS, McDermott A, Zeger SL, Samet JM, Dominici F. (2009) Emergency admissions for cardiovascular and respiratory diseases and the chemical composition of fine particle air pollution. Environ Health Perspect. 2009 Jun;117(6):957-63. Epub 2009 Feb 11.
    33. Bell ML, Peng RD, Dominici F, Samet JM. (2009) Emergency hospital admissions for cardiovascular diseases and ambient levels of carbon monoxide: results for 126 United States urban counties, 1999-2005. Circulation. 2009 Sep 15;120(11):949-55. Epub 2009 Aug 31.
    34. Dominici F, Peng RD, Barr CD, Bell ML. (2010) Protecting human health from air pollution: shifting from a single-pollutant to a multipollutant approach. Epidemiology. 2010 Mar;21(2):187-94.
    35. Peng RD, Bell ML. (2010) Spatial misalignment in time series studies of air pollution and health data. Biostatistics. 2010 Oct;11(4):720-40. Epub 2010 Apr 14.
    36. Woodruff TJ, Parker JD, Adams K, Bell ML, Gehring U, Glinianaia S, Ha EH, Jalaludin B, Slama R. (2010) International Collaboration on Air Pollution and Pregnancy Outcomes (ICAPPO). Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2010 Jun;7(6):2638-52. Epub 2010 Jun 17.
    37. Bell ML, Ebisu K, Peng RD. (2011) Community-level spatial heterogeneity of chemical constituent levels of fine particulates and implications for epidemiological research. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol. 2011 Jul-Aug;21(4):372-84. doi: 10.1038/jes.2010.24. Epub 2010 Jul 28.
    38. Gent JF, Bell ML. (2010) Air pollution, population vulnerability, and standards for ambient air quality. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2010 Aug 1;182(3):296-7. No abstract available.
    39. Bell ML, Belanger K, Ebisu K, Gent JF, Lee HJ, Koutrakis P, Leaderer BP. (2010) Prenatal exposure to fine particulate matter and birth weight: variations by particulate constituents and sources. Epidemiology. 2010 Nov;21(6):884-91.
    40. Son JY, Bell ML, Lee JT. (2010) Individual exposure to air pollution and lung function in Korea: spatial analysis using multiple exposure approaches. Environ Res. 2010 Nov;110(8):739-49. Epub 2010 Sep 15.
    41. Bell ML, Cifuentes LA, Davis DL, Cushing E, Telles AG, Gouveia N. (2011) Environmental health indicators and a case study of air pollution in Latin American cities. Environ Res. 2011 Jan;111(1):57-66. Epub 2010 Nov 13. Review.
    42. Anderson GB, Bell ML. (2011) Heat waves in the United States: mortality risk during heat waves and effect modification by heat wave characteristics in 43 U.S. communities. Environ Health Perspect. 2011 Feb;119(2):210-8. Epub 2010 Oct 7.
    43. Son JY, Bell ML, Lee JT. (2011) Survival analysis of long-term exposure to different sizes of airborne particulate matter and risk of infant mortality using a birth cohort in Seoul, Korea. Environ Health Perspect. 2011 May;119(5):725-30. Epub 2010 Dec 17.
    44. Peng RD, Bobb JF, Tebaldi C, McDaniel L, Bell ML, Dominici F. (2011) Toward a quantitative estimate of future heat wave mortality under global climate change. Environ Health Perspect. 2011 May;119(5):701-6. Epub 2010 Dec 29.
    45. Bravo MA, Bell ML. (2011) Spatial heterogeneity of PM10 and O3 in São Paulo, Brazil, and implications for human health studies. J Air Waste Manag Assoc. 2011 Jan;61(1):69-77.
    46. Parker JD, Rich DQ, Glinianaia SV, Leem JH, Wartenberg D, Bell ML, Bonzini M, Brauer M, Darrow L, Gehring U, Gouveia N, Grillo P, Ha E, van den Hooven EH, Jalaludin B, Jesdale BM, Lepeule J, Morello-Frosch R, Morgan GG, Slama R, Pierik FH, Pesatori AC, et al. (2011) The International Collaboration on Air Pollution and Pregnancy Outcomes: initial results.  Environ Health Perspect. 2011 Jul;119(7):1023-8. Epub 2011 Feb 9.
    47. Dellavalle CT, Triche EW, Bell ML. (2012) Spatial and temporal modeling of daily pollen concentrations. Int J Biometeorol. 2012 Jan;56(1):183-94. Epub 2011 Feb 18.
    48. Ebisu K, Holford TR, Belanger KD, Leaderer BP, Bell ML. (2011) Urban land-use and respiratory symptoms in infants. Environ Res. 2011 Jul;111(5):677-84. Epub 2011 Apr 29.
    49. Ji M, Cohan DS, Bell ML. (2011) Meta-analysis of the Association between Short-Term Exposure to Ambient Ozone and Respiratory Hospital Admissions. Environ Res Lett. 2011 Apr;6(2). pii: 024006.
    50. Fann N, Bell ML, Walker K, Hubbell B. (2011) Improving the linkages between air pollution epidemiology and quantitative risk assessment. Environ Health Perspect. 2011 Dec;119(12):1671-5. Epub 2011 Aug 4.
    51. Digar A, Cohan DS, Bell ML. (2011) Uncertainties influencing health-based prioritization of ozone abatement options. Environ Sci Technol. 2011 Sep 15;45(18):7761-7. Epub 2011 Aug 25.
    52. DellaValle CT, Triche EW, Leaderer BP, Bell ML. (2012) Effects of ambient pollen concentrations on frequency and severity of asthma symptoms among asthmatic children. Epidemiology. 2012 Jan;23(1):55-63.
    53. Anderson GB, Bell ML. (2012) Lights out: impact of the August 2003 power outage on mortality in New York, NY. Epidemiology. 2012 Mar;23(2):189-93.
    54. Son JY, Lee JT, Anderson GB, Bell ML. (2012) The impact of heat waves on mortality in seven major cities in Korea. Environ Health Perspect. 2012 Apr;120(4):566-71. Epub 2012 Jan 20.
    55. Bell ML; HEI Health Review Committee. (2012) Assessment of the health impacts of particulate matter characteristics. Res Rep Health Eff Inst. 2012 Jan;(161):5-38.
    56. Son JY, Lee JT, Kim H, Yi O, Bell ML. (2012) Susceptibility to air pollution effects on mortality in Seoul, Korea: a case-crossover analysis of individual-level effect modifiers. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol. 2012 May-Jun;22(3):227-34. doi: 10.1038/jes.2012.6. Epub 2012 Mar 7.
    57. Gurung A, Bell ML. (2012) Exposure to airborne particulate matter in Kathmandu Valley, Nepal. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol. 2012 May-Jun;22(3):235-42. doi: 10.1038/jes.2012.14. Epub 2012 Mar 7.
    58. Pickett AR, Bell ML. (2011) Assessment of indoor air pollution in homes with infants. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2011 Dec;8(12):4502-20. Epub 2011 Dec 5.
    59. Son JY, Lee JT, Kim KH, Jung K, Bell ML. (2012) Characterization of Fine Particulate Matter and Associations between Particulate Chemical Constituents and Mortality in Seoul, Korea. Environ Health Perspect. 2012 Jun;120(6):872-8. Epub 2012 Mar 22.
    60. Bravo MA, Fuentes M, Zhang Y, Burr MJ, Bell ML. (2012) Comparison of exposure estimation methods for air pollutants: Ambient monitoring data and regional air quality simulation. Environ Res. 2012 Jul;116:1-10. Epub 2012 May 10.
    61. Bell ML, Belanger K. (2012) Review of research on residential mobility during pregnancy: consequences for assessment of prenatal environmental exposures. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol. 2012 May 23. doi: 10.1038/jes.2012.42. [Epub ahead of print]
    62. Bell ML, Belanger K, Ebisu K, Gent JF, Leaderer BP. (2012) Relationship between birth weight and exposure to airborne fine particulate potassium and titanium during gestation. Environ Res. 2012 Jun 15. [Epub ahead of print].
    63. Kinney PL. (2008) Climate change, air quality, and human health. Am J Prev Med. 2008 Nov;35(5):459-67. Review.
    64. Liu L, Zhang J. (2009) Ambient air pollution and children’s lung function in China. Environ Int. 2009 Jan;35(1):178-86. Epub 2008 Sep 11. Review.
    65. Woodall GM, Smith RL. (2008) The Air Toxics Health Effects Database (ATHED). Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2008 Nov 15;233(1):20-4. Epub 2008 Jul 11. Review.
    66. Bell ML, Davis DL, Cifuentes LA, Krupnick AJ, Morgenstern RD, Thurston GD. (2008) Ancillary human health benefits of improved air quality resulting from climate change mitigation. Environ Health. 2008 Jul 31;7:41. Review.
    67. Craig L, Brook JR, Chiotti Q, Croes B, Gower S, Hedley A, Krewski D, Krupnick A, Krzyzanowski M, Moran MD, Pennell W, Samet JM, Schneider J, Shortreed J, Williams M. (2008) Air pollution and public health: a guidance document for risk managers. J Toxicol Environ Health A. 2008;71(9-10):588-698. Review.
    68. Samet JM. (2008) Air pollution risk estimates: determinants of heterogeneity. J Toxicol Environ Health A. 2008;71(9-10):578-82. Review.
    69. Diette GB, McCormack MC, Hansel NN, Breysse PN, Matsui EC. (2008) Environmental issues in managing asthma. Respir Care. 2008 May;53(5):602-15; discussion 616-7. Review.
    70. Mauderly JL, Chow JC. (2008) Health effects of organic aerosols. Inhal Toxicol. 2008 Feb;20(3):257-88. Review.
    71. Zuskin E, Mustajbegović J, Doko Jelinić J, Pucarin-Cvetković J, Milosević M. (2008) Air quality risk assessment and management. J Toxicol Environ Health A. 2008;71(1):24-39. Review.
    72. Hackley B, Feinstein A, Dixon J.  (2007) Air pollution: impact on maternal and perinatal health. J Midwifery Womens Health. 2007 Sep-Oct;52(5):435-43. Review.
    73. Kelly FJ, Fuller GW, Walton HA, Fussell JC. (2012) Monitoring air pollution: use of early warning systems for public health. Respirology. 2012 Jan;17(1):7-19. doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1843.2011.02065.x. Review.
    74. Moshammer H, Wallner P. (2011) Air quality as respiratory health indicator: a critical review. Int J Occup Med Environ Health. 2011 Sep;24(3):241-8. doi: 10.2478/s13382-011-0028-9. Epub 2011 Aug 16. Review.
    75. Jahn HJ, Schneider A, Breitner S, Eissner R, Wendisch M, Krämer A. (2011) Particulate matter pollution in the megacities of the Pearl River Delta, China – a systematic literature review and health risk assessment. Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2011 Jul;214(4):281-95. Epub 2011 Jun 15. Review.
    76. Olmo NR, Saldiva PH, Braga AL, Lin CA, Santos Ude P, Pereira LA. (2011) A review of low-level air pollution and adverse effects on human health: implications for epidemiological studies and public policy. Clinics (Sao Paulo). 2011;66(4):681-90. Review.
    77. Spickett JT, Brown HL, Rumchev K. (2011) Climate change and air quality: the potential impact on health. Asia Pac J Public Health. 2011 Mar;23(2 Suppl):37S-45. Review.
    78. Johns DO, Linn WS. (2011) A review of controlled human SOâ‚‚ exposure studies contributing to the US EPA integrated science assessment for sulfur oxides. Inhal Toxicol. 2011 Jan;23(1):33-43. Review.
    79. Nandasena YL, Wickremasinghe AR, Sathiakumar N. (2010) Air pollution and health in Sri Lanka: a review of epidemiologic studies. BMC Public Health. 2010 Jun 2;10:300. Review.
    80. Brauer M. (2010) How much, how long, what, and where: air pollution exposure assessment for epidemiologic studies of respiratory disease. Proc Am Thorac Soc. 2010 May;7(2):111-5. Review.
    81. Zhang J, Mauzerall DL, Zhu T, Liang S, Ezzati M, Remais JV. (2010) Environmental health in China: progress towards clean air and safe water. Lancet. 2010 Mar 27;375(9720):1110-9. Review.
    82. Laumbach RJ. (2010) Outdoor air pollutants and patient health. Am Fam Physician. 2010 Jan 15;81(2):175-80. Review.
    83. Ebi K, McGregor G. (2009) Climate change, tropospheric ozone and particulate matter, and health impacts. Cien Saude Colet. 2009 Nov-Dec;14(6):2281-93. Review.
    84. Loft S. (2009) Air quality and climate change. Ugeskr Laeger. 2009 Oct 26;171(44):3168-71. Review. Danish.
    85. Hesterberg TW, Bunn WB, McClellan RO, Hamade AK, Long CM, Valberg PA. (2009) Critical review of the human data on short-term nitrogen dioxide (NO2) exposures: evidence for NO2 no-effect levels. Crit Rev Toxicol. 2009;39(9):743-81. Review.
    86. Quincey P, Butterfield D. (2009) Ambient air particulate matter PM10 and PM2.5: developments in European measurement methods and legislation. Biomarkers. 2009 Jul;14 Suppl 1:34-8. Review.
    87. Luber G, Prudent N. (2009) Climate change and human health. Trans Am Clin Climatol Assoc. 2009;120:113-7. Review.
    88. Groneberg DA, Morfeld P, Kraus T, Köhler D, Krug N, Magnussen H, Nowak D, Rabe KF, Schultze-Werninghaus G, Schulz H, Teschler H, Vogelmeier C, Wagner U, Welte T, Voshaar T, Witt C. (2009) Health effects of particulate matter exposure: current scientific knowledge. Pneumologie. 2009 Jul;63(7):363-8. Epub 2009 Jul 9. Review. German.
    89. Colbeck I, Nasir ZA, Ali Z. (2010) The state of ambient air quality in Pakistan–a review. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2010 Jan;17(1):49-63. Epub 2009 Jul 3. Review.
    90. Kim H, Bernstein JA. (2009) Air pollution and allergic disease. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 2009 Mar;9(2):128-33. Review.
    91. Ren C, Tong S. (2008) Health effects of ambient air pollution–recent research development and contemporary methodological challenges. Environ Health. 2008 Nov 6;7:56. Review.
    92. Latza U, Gerdes S, Baur X. (2009) Effects of nitrogen dioxide on human health: systematic review of experimental and epidemiological studies conducted between 2002 and 2006. Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2009 May;212(3):271-87. Epub 2008 Sep 3. Review.
    93. Aaron J. Cohen et al. 1425 Daniels M.J., Dominici F., Samet  J.M., Zeger S.L. (2000) Estimating particulate matter-mortality dose-response curves and threshold levels: an analysis of daily time-series for the 20 largest US cities. American Journal of Epidemiology, 152:397–406.
    94. Abbey DE, Nishino N, McDonnell WF et al. (1999) Long-term inhalable particles and other air pollutants related to mortality in nonsmokers. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 159:373–382.
    95. Abbot, D.S., Palmer, P.I., Martin, R.V., Chance, K., Jacob, D.J., Guenther, A. (2003) Seasonal and interannual variability of isoprene emissions as determined by formaldehyde column measurements from space. Geophysical Research Letters 30, 1886. doi:10.1029/2003GL017336.
    96. Abdou, W.A., Diner, D.J., Martonchik, J.V., Bruegge, C.J., Kahn, R.A., Gaitley, B.J., Crean, K.A., Remer, L.A., Holben, B. (2005) Comparison of coincident multiangle imaging spectroradiometer and moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer aerosol optical depths over land and ocean scenes containing aerosol robotic network sites. Journal of Geophysical Research 110, D10S07. doi:10.1029/ 2004JD004693.
    97. Ackerman, S.A. (1997) Remote Sensing of Aerosols Using Satellite Infrared Observations; J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 102, 17,069-17,080.
    98. Ackermann, J. (1998) The Extinction-to-Backscatter Ratio of Tropospheric Aerosol: a Numerical Study; J. Atmos. Oceanic Tech. 15, 1043- 1050.
    99. Aerometric Information Retrieval System (2001) U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, AIRS. Available at http://www.epa.gov/oar/oaqps/airpdata.html#airs.
    100. Afroz R, Hassan M.N., Ibrahim N.A. (2003) Review of air pollution and health impacts in Malaysia, Environmental Research, Volume 92, Issue 2, , Pages 71-77, ISSN 0013-9351.
    101. AIRNow Particles Now; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; available at http://www.airnow.gov/index.cfm?action_airnow.showmap&pollutant_PM2.5 (accessed January 31, 2009).
    102. Alexandrov, M.D.; Lacis, A.A.; Carlson, B.E.; Cairns, B. (2002) Remote Sensing of Atmospheric Aerosols and Trace Gases by Means of Multifilter Rotating Shadowband Radiometer. Part II: Climatological Applications; J. Atmos. Sci., 59, 544-566.
    103. Al-Saadi, J.; Szykman, J.; Pierce, R.B.; Kittaka, C.; Neil, D.; Chu, D.A.; Remer, L.; Gumley, L.; Prins, E.; Weinstock, L.; MacDonald, C.; Wayland, R.; Dimmick, F.; Fishman, J., (2005) Improving national air quality forecasts with satellite aerosol observations. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 86, 1249–1261.
    104. Al-Saadi, J.A.; Rosen, R.; Bohnenkamp, C.; Szykman, J.; Chu, D.A.; Hair, J.; Hostetler, C.; Ferrare, R.; Arcemont, G.; Kittaka, C.; Lewis, L. (2008) Application of Satellite Aerosol Optical Depth and Airborne Lidar Data for Monitoring Fine Particulate Formation and Transport in San Joaquin Valley, California. Presented at the 10th Conference on Atmospheric Chemistry; American Meteorological Society: Boston, MA.
    105. Ambient Air Monitoring Strategy for State, Local, and Tribal Air Agencies; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards: Research Triangle Park, NC, 2008.
    106. American Thoracic Society (ATS) (2000) What constitutes an adverse health effect of air pollution? American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 161:665–673.
    107. An, X.; Zhu, T.; Wang, Z.; Li, C.; Wang, Y. A, (2007) Modeling Analysis of a Heavy Air Pollution Episode Occurred in Beijing; Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 3103-3114.
    108. Anderson HR (2000) Differential epidemiology of ambient aerosols. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series A, 358: 2771–2785.
    109. Anonymous (1996a) Health effects of outdoor air pollution. Part 1. Committee of the Environmental and Occupational Health Assembly of the American Thoracic Society. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 153:3–50.
    110. Anonymous (1996b) Health effects of outdoor air pollution. Part 2. Committee of the Environmental and Occupational Health Assembly of the American Thoracic Society. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 153:477–498.
    111. Anonymous (1998) Worldwide variations in the prevalence of asthma symptoms: the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC). European Respiratory Journal. 12:315–335.
    112. Ansmann, A.; Riebesell, M.; Wandinger, U.; Weitkamp, C.; Voss, E.; Lahmann, W.; Michaelis, W. (1992) Combined Raman Elastic-Backscatter Lidar for Vertical Profiling of Moisture, Aerosol Extinction, Backscatter, and Lidar Ratio; Appl. Phys. B, 54, 1-11.
    113. Ansmann, A.; Wandinger, U.; Le Rille, O.; Lajas, D.; Straume, A.G. (2007) Particle Backscatter and Extinction Profiling with the Spaceborne High-Spectral-Resolution Doppler Lidar ALADIN: Methodology and Simulations; Appl. Opt., 46, 6606-6622.
    114. Antoine, D., Morel, A., Gordon, H. R., Banzon, V. F. & Evans, R. H. Bridging ocean color observations of the 1980s and 2000s in search of long-term trends. J. Geophys. Res. 110, 1–22 (2005).
    115. Apituley, A.; Schaap, M.; Koelemeijer, R.; Timmermans, R.; Schoemaker, R.; de Leeuw, G. (2008) Construction of Satellite Derived PM2.5 Maps using the Relationship between AOD and PM2.5 at the Cabauw Experimental Site for Atmospheric Research (CESAR)—the Netherlands. Presented at Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, 2008, IGARSS 2008, IEEE International: Boston, MA,; Vol. 3, pp III-507–III-510.
    116. Arellano Jr., A.F., Kasibhatla, P.S., Giglio, L., van derWerf, G.R., Randerson, J.T. (2004). Top-down estimates of global CO sources using MOPITT measurements. Geophysical Research Letters 31, L01104, doi:10.1029/ 2003GL018609.
    117. Atkinson RW, Anderson HR, Sunyer J et al. (2001) Acute effects of particulate air pollution on respiratory admissions: results from APHEA 2 project. Air pollution and health: a European approach. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 164:1860–1866.
    118. Aumann, H.H. (2003). AIRS/AMSU/HSB on the aqua mission: design, science objectives, data products, and processing systems. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 41, 253–264.
    119. Awasthi S, Glick HA, Fletcher RH, Ahmed N (1996) Ambient air pollution and respiratory symptoms complex in preschool children. Indian Journal of Medical Research, 104:257–262.
    120. Azmi S.Z., Latif M.T., Ismail A.S., Juneng L., Jemain A.A.: Trend and status of air quality at three different monitoring stations in the Klang Valley, Malaysia. Air Qual Atmos Health 3:53–64, 2010.
    121. Bacharova L, Fandakova K, Bratinka J, Budinska M, Bachar J, Gud-aba M (1996) The association between air pollution and the daily number of deaths: findings from the Slovak Republic contribution to the APHEA project. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 50:S19–21.
    122. Bachmann, J. (2007) Critical Review: Will the Circle Be Unbroken: a History of the U.S. National Ambient Air Quality Standards; J. Air & Waste Manage. Assoc. 2007, 57, 652-697; doi: 10.3155/1047- 3289.57.6.652.
    123. Barnes, W.L., Pagano, T.S., Salomonson, V.V., (1998) Pre-launch characteristics of the moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) on EOS AM-1. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 36, 1088–1100.
    124. Barret, B., Turquety, S., Hurtmans, D., Clerbaux, C., Hadji-Lazaro, J., Bey, I., Auvray, M., Coheur, P.-F., (2005) Global carbon monoxide vertical distributions from space borne high-resolution FTIR nadir measurements. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 5.
    125. Baumgardner, R.E.; Isil, S.S.; Bowser, J.J.; Fitzgerald, K.M. (1999) Measurements of Rural Sulfur Dioxide and Particle Sulfate: Analysis of CASTNet Data, 1987 through 1996; J. Air & Waste Manage. Assoc., 49, 1266-1279.
    126. Beer, R., et al., (2008) First satellite observations of lower tropospheric ammonia and methanol. Geophysical Research Letters 35, L09801. doi:10.1029/2008GL033642.
    127. Beer, R., Glavich, T.A., Rider, D.M., (2001) Tropospheric emission spectrometer for the earth observing system’s Aura satellite. Applied Optics 40, 2356–2367.
    128. Begg CB, Mazumdar M (1994) Operating characteristics of a rank correlation test for publication bias. Biometrics, 50:1088–1101.
    129. Behrenfeld, M. J. et al. (2001) Biospheric primary production during an ENSO transition. Science 291, 2594–2597.
    130. Behrenfeld, M. J. et al. (2006) Climate-driven trends in contemporary ocean productivity. Nature 444, 752–755,  doi:10.1038/nature05317.
    131. Behrenfeld, M. J., Boss, E., Siegel, D. A. & Shea, D. M. (2005) Carbon-based ocean productivity and phytoplankton physiology from space. Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles 19, 1–14.
    132. Beirle, S., Platt, U., Wenig, M., Wagner, T. (2003) Weekly cycle of NO2 by GOME measurements: a signature of anthropogenic sources. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 3, 2225–2232.
    133. Bell, M. L., Ebisu, K., and Belanger, K. (2007) Ambient air pollution and low birth weight in Connecticut and Massachusetts, Environ. Health Persp., 115, 1118–1124.
    134. Bey, I., D. J. Jacob, R. M. Yantosca, J. A. Logan, B. D. Field, A. M. Fiore, Q. Li, H. Y. Liu, L. J. Mickley, and M. G. Schultz (2001),Global modeling of tropospheric chemistry with assimilated meteorology: Model description and evaluation, J. Geophys. Res., 106(D19), 23,073–23,095, doi:10.1029/2001JD000807.
    135. Bhartia, P.K., McPeters, R.D., Mateer, C.L., Flynn, L.E., Wellemeyer, C. (1996) Algorithm for the estimation of vertical ozone profiles from the backscattered ultraviolet technique. Journal of Geophysical Research 101, 18793–18806.
    136. Blond, N.; Boersma, K.F.; Eskes, H.J.; van der A, R.J.; Van Roozendael, M.; De Smedt, I.; Bergametti, G.; Vautard, R. (2007) Intercomparison of SCIAMACHY Nitrogen Dioxide Observations, in Situ Measurements and Air Quality Modeling Results over Western Europe; J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 112, D10311; doi: 10.1029/2006jd007277.
    137. Bobak M, Leon DA (1999) The effect of air pollution on infant mortality appears specific for respiratory causes in the post neonatal period. Epidemiology, 10:666–670.
    138. Boersma, K.F., Eskes, H.J., Brinksma, E.J., (2004) Error analysis for tropospheric NO2 retrieval from space. Journal of Geophysical Research 109, D04311, doi:10.1029/2003JD003962.
    139. Boersma, K.F., et al. (2007) Near-real time retrieval of tropospheric NO2 from OMI. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 7, 2103–2118.
    140. Boersma, K.F., Jacob, D.J., Eskes, H.J., Pinder, R.W., Wang, J., van der A, R.J. (2008) Intercomparison of SCIAMACHY and OMI tropospheric NO2 columns: observing the diurnal evolution of chemistry and emissions from space. Journal of Geophysical Research 113, D16S26. doi:10. 1029/2007JD008816.
    141. Borja-Aburto VH, Castillejos M, Gold DR, Bierzwinski S, Loomis D (1998) Mortality and ambient fine particles in southwest Mexico City, 1993–1995. Environmental Health Perspectives, 106:849–855.
    142. Borja-Aburto VH, Loomis DP, Bangidiwala SI, Shy CM, Rascon-Pacheco RA (1997) Ozone, suspended particulates, and daily mortality in Mexico City. American Journal of Epidemiology, 145:258–268.
    143. Bovensmann, H.; Burrow, J.P.; Buchwitz, M.; Frerick, J.; Noel, S.; Rozanov, W.; Chance, K.V.; Goede, (1999) A.P.H. SCIAMACHY: Mission Objectives and Measurement Modes; J. Atmos. Sci, 56, 127-150.
    144. Bowman, K.W., et al., (2006) Tropospheric emission spectrometer: retrieval method and error analysis. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 44, 1297–1307.
    145. Bowman, K.W., Steck, T., Worden, H.M., Worden, J., Clough, S., Rodgers, C. D., (2002) Capturing time and vertical variability of tropospheric ozone: a study using TES nadir retrievals. Journal of Geophysical Research 107, 4723, doi:10.1029/2002JD002150.
    146. Braga AL, Zanobetti A, Schwartz J (2001) The lag structure between particulate air pollution and respiratory and cardiovascular deaths in 10 US cities. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 43:927–933.
    147. Brander, K. M. (2007) Global fish production and climate change. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 104, 19709–19714.
    148. Brindley, H.E.; Ignatov, A. (2006) Retrieval of Mineral Aerosol Optical Depth and Size Information from Meteosat Second Generation SEVIRI Solar Reflectance Bands; Rem. Sens. Environ., 102, 344-363.
    149. Brindley, H.E.; Russell, J.E. (2006) Improving GERB Scene Identification Using SEVIRI: Infrared Dust Detection Strategy; Rem. Sens. Environ., 104, 426-446.
    150. Broecker, W. S., Sutherland, S. & Peng, T.-H. (1999) A possible 20th century slowdown of Southern Ocean deep water formation. Science 286, 1132–1134.
    151. Brown, J., Air Quality Criteria for Ozone; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; available at http://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/cfm/recordisplay. cfm?deid_149923 (accessed 2009).
    152. Brunekreef B (1997) Air pollution and life expectancy: is there a relation? Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 54:781–784.
    153. Buchwitz, M., de Beek, R., Noe¨ l, S., Burrows, J.P., Bovensmann, H., Bremer, H., Bergamaschi, P., Ko¨ rner, S., Heimann, M., (2005) Carbon monoxide, methane and carbon dioxide columns retrieved from SCIAMACHY by WFM-DOAS: year 2003 initial data set. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 5, 3313–3329.
    154. Buchwitz, M., Khlystova, I., Bovensmann, H., Burrows, J.P., (2007) Three years of global carbon monoxide from SCIAMACHY: comparison with MOPITT and first results related to the detection of CO over cities. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 7, 2399–2411.
    155. Bucsela, E.J., Celarier, E.A., Wenig, M.O., Gleason, J.F., Veefkind, J.P., Boersma, K.F., Brinksma, E.J., (2006) Algorithm for NO2 vertical column retrieval from the ozone monitoring instrument. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 44, 1245–1258.
    156. Bucsela, E.J., et al., (2008) Comparison of NO2 in situ aircraft measurements with data from the ozone monitoring instrument. Journal of Geophysical Research 113, D16S31, doi:10.1029/ 2007JD008838.
    157. Burnett RT, Smith-Doiron M, Stieb D, Cakmak S, Brook JR (1999) Effects of particulate and gaseous air pollution on cardiorespiratory hospitalizations. Archives of Environmental Health, 54:130–139.
    158. Burney PG, Luczynska C, Chinn S, Jarvis D (1994) The European Community Respiratory Health Survey. European Respiratory Journal, 7:954–960.
    159. Burrows, J.P., et al., (1999) The global ozone monitoring experiment (GOME): mission concept and first scientific results. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 56, 151–175.
    160. C. Ichoku , D. A. Chu , S. Mattoo , Y. J. Kaufman , L. A. Remer , D. Tanr , I. Slutsker and B. N. Holben   “A spatio-temporal approach for global validation and analysis of MODIS aerosol products”,  Geophys. Res. Lett.,  vol. 29,  pp. MOD1-1 2002.
    161. Cahalan, R.F.; Oreopoulos, L.; Marshak, A.; Evans, K.F.; Davis, A.B.; Pincus, R.; Yetzer, K.H.; Mayer, B.; Davies, R.; Ackerman, T.P.; Barker, H.W.; Clothiaux, E.E.; Ellingson, R.G.; Garay, M.J.; Kassianov, E.; Kinne, S.; Macke, A.; O’Hirok, W.; Partain, P.T.; Prigarin, S.M.; Rublev, A.N.; Stephens, G.L.; Szczap, F.; Takara, E.E.; Varnai, T.; Wen, G.Y.; Zhuravleva, T.B. The 13RC—Bringing Together the Most Advanced Radiative Transfer Tools for Cloudy Atmospheres; Bull. Am. Meteor. Soc. 2005, 86, 1275-1293.
    162. California Air Resources Board (2002) Staff report: Public hearing to consider amendments to the ambient air quality standards for particulate matter and sulfates.
    163. California Air Resources Board and Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, Sacramento, CALIPSO Data Products; National Aeronautics and Space Administration; available at http://www-calipso.larc.nasa.gov/products/ (accessed January 30, 2009). CA. 1424 Comparative Quantification of Health Risks.
    164. CALIPSO Data Products; National Aeronautics and Space Administration; available at http://www-calipso.larc.nasa.gov/products/ (accessed January 30, 2009).
    165. Calle EE, Rodriguez C, Jacobs EJ et al. (2002) The American Cancer Society Cancer Prevention Study II Nutrition Cohort: rationale, study design, and baseline characteristics. Cancer, 94:2490–2501.
    166. Cantrell, C.A., Davidson, J.A., McDaniel, A.H., Shetter, R.E., Calvert, J.G., (1990) Temperature-dependent formaldehyde cross sections in the near-ultraviolet spectral region. Journal of Physical Chemistry 94, 3902–3908.
    167. Carlson, T.N., Wendling, P., (1977) Reflected radiance measured by NOAA 3 VHRR as a function of optical depth for Saharan dust. Journal of Applied Meteorology 16, 1368–1371.
    168. Carn, S.A., Krueger, A.J., Krotkov, N.A., Yang, K., Levelt, P.F., (2007) Sulfur dioxide emissions from Peruvian copper smelters detected by the ozone monitoring instrument. Geophysical Research Letters 34, L09801. doi:10.1029/2006GL029020.
    169. Carn, S.A., Strow, L.L., de Souza-Machado, S., Edmonds, Y., Hannon, S., (2005) Quantifying tropospheric volcanic emissions with AIRS: the 2002 eruption of Mt. Etna (Italy). Geophysical Research Letters 32, L02301, doi:10.1029/2004GL021034.
    170. Castillejos M, BorjaAburto VH, Dockery DW, Gold DR, Loomis D (2000) Airborne coarse particles and mortality. Inhalation Toxicology, 12:61–72.
    171. Celarier, E.A., et al., (2008) Validation of ozone monitoring instrument nitrogen dioxide columns. Journal of Geophysical Research 113, D15S15, doi:10.1029/2007JD008908.
    172. Chance, K. (1998) Analysis of BrO Measurements from the Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment; Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 3335-3338.
    173. Chance, K., (2002) OMI Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document, in OMI Trace Gas Algorithms, ATBD-OMI-04. NASA Distrib. Active Archive Centre, Greenbelt, MD, 1336 pp.
    174. Chance, K., (2006) Spectroscopic measurements of tropospheric composition from satellite measurements in the ultraviolet and visible: steps toward continuous pollution monitoring from space. In: Perrin, A., Ben Sari-Zizi, N., Demaison, J. (Eds.), Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere for Environmental Security. Springer, ISBN 1-4020-5089- 5, pp. 1–25.
    175. Chance, K., Palmer, P., Spurr, R.J.D., Martin, R.V., Kurosu, T.P., Jacob, D.J., (2000) Satellite observations of formaldehyde over North America from GOME. Geophysical Research Letters 27, 3461–3464.
    176. Chance, K.V., Burrows, J.P., Perner, D., Schneider, W., (1997) Satellite measurements of atmospheric ozone profiles including tropospheric ozone, from ultraviolet/visible measurements in the nadir geometry: a potential method to retrieve tropospheric ozone. Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy & Radiative Transfer 57, 467–476.
    177. Charlson, R.J.; Ahlquist, N.C.; Selvige, H.; McCready, P.B. (1969) Monitoring the Atmospheric Aerosol Parameters with the Integrating Nephelometer; J. Air Pollut. Control Assoc., 19, 837-842.
    178. Charlson, R.J.; Schwartz, S.E.; Hales, J.M.; Cess, R.D.; Coakley, J.A., Jr.; Hansen, J.E.; Hofmann, D.J. (1992) Climate Forcing by Anthropogenic Aerosols; Science 1992, 255, 423-430.
    179. Chassot, E. et al. (2010) Global marine primary production constrains fisheries catches. Ecol. Lett. 13, 495–505.
    180. Chay KY, Greenstone M (1999) The impact of air pollution on infant mortality: evidence from geographic variation in pollution shocks induced by a recession. Unpublished document. (Working Paper No. 17.) Available from: Center for Labor Economics, University of California, Berkeley, CA.
    181. Chay KY, Greenstone M (2001) Air quality, infant mortality, and the Clean Air Act of 1970. Unpublished document. (Working Paper No. 42.) Available from: Center for Labor Economics, University of California, Berkeley, CA.
    182. Chen,W.-T., Kahn, R., Li,W.-H., Seinfeld, J., (2008) Sensitivity of multi-angle imaging to optical and microphysical properties of biomass burning particles. Journal of Geophysical Research 113, D10203. doi:10.1029/ 2007JD009414.
    183. Chhabra SK, Chhabra P, Rajpal S, Gupta RK (2001) Ambient air pollution and chronic respiratory morbidity in Delhi. Archives of Environmental Health, 56:58–64.
    184. Chin, M., Chu, A., Levy, R., Remer, L., Kaufman, Y., Holben, B., Eck, T., Ginoux, P., Gao, Q., (2004) Aerosol distribution in the Northern Hemisphere during ACE-Asia: results from global model, satellite observations, and Sun photometer measurements. Journal of Geophysical Research 109, D23S90. doi:10.1029/2004JD004829.
    185. Chow, J.C.; Bachmann, J.D.; Wierman, S.S.G.; Mathai, C.V.; Malm, W.C.; White, W.H.; Mueller, P.K.; Kumar, N.; Watson, J.G. (2002) Visibility: Science and Regulation—Discussion; J. Air & Waste Manage. Assoc., 52, 973-999.
    186. Chow, J.C.; Engelbrecht, J.P.; Freeman, N.C.G.; Hashim, J.H.; Jantunen, M.; Michaud, J.P.; de Tejada, S.S.; Watson, J.G.; Wei, F.S.; Wilson, W.E.; Yasuno, M.; Zhu, T.; (2002) Chapter One: Exposure Measurements; Chemosphere, 49, 873-901.
    187. Chow, J.C.; Engelbrecht, J.P.; Watson, J.G.; Wilson, W.E.; Frank, N.H.; Zhu, T. (2002) Designing Monitoring Networks to Represent Outdoor Human Exposure; Chemosphere, 49, 961-978.
    188. Christopher, S.A.; Zhang, J.L.; Kaufman, Y.J.; Remer, L.A. (2006) Satellite-Based Assessment of Top of Atmosphere Anthropogenic Aerosol Radiative Forcing over Cloud-Free Oceans; Geophys. Res. Lett. 2006, 33, L15816; doi: 10.1029/2005gl025535.
    189. Chu, D.A., Kaufman, Y.J., Ichoku, C., Remer, L.A., Tanre, D., Holben, B. N., (2002) Validation of MODIS aerosol optical depth retrieval over land. Geophysical Research Letters 29. doi:10.1029/ 2001GL013205.
    190. Chu, D.A., Kaufman, Y.J., Zibordi, G., Chern, J.D., Mao, J., Li, C., Holben, B., (2003) Global monitoring of air pollution over land from the earth observing system Terra moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS). Journal of Geophysical Research 2003, 4661. doi:10. 1029/2002JD003179.
    191. Chu, D.A.; Kaufman, Y.J.; Ichoku, C.; Remer, L.A.; Tanre, D.; Holben, B.N. (2002) Validation of MODIS Aerosol Optical Depth Retrieval over Land; Geophys. Res. Lett. 2002, 29, 1617; doi: 10.1029/2001gl013205.
    192. Chu, D.A.; Szykman, J.; Kittaka, C.; Chin, M.; Liu, H.-C.; Remer, L.; Al-Saadi, J.; Winker, D. (2008) Developing Aerosol Height Product from MODIS and Synergy of MODIS and CALIPSO Measurements for Global Application. In Atmospheric Remote Sensing for Air Pollution and Human Health, IGARSS ’08, SPIE: Boston, MA,; pp IV-303–IV-306.
    193. Chung, Y.S. (1986) Air Pollution Detection by Satellites: the Transport and Deposition of Air Pollutants over Oceans; Atmos. Environ., 20, 617-630.
    194. CIESIN (2000) Gridded population of the world (GPW), version 2. Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN), Columbia University; International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), World Resources Institute (WRI) Columbia University, Palisades, NY. Available at http://sedac.ciesin.columbia.edu/plue/gpw.
    195. Cifuentes L, Borja-Aburto VH, Gouveia N, Thurston G, Davis DL (2001) Assessing the health benefits of urban air pollution reductions associated with climate change mitigation (2000–2020): Santiago, São Paulo, Mexico City, and New York City. Environmental Health Perspectives, 109: S419–425.
    196. Cifuentes L, Vega J, Kopfer K, Lava LB (2000) Effect of the fine fraction of particulate matter versus the coarse mass and other pollutants on daily mortality in Santiago, Chile. Journal of the Air Waste Management Association, 50:1287–1298.
    197. Clancy L, Goodman P, Sinclair H, Dockery DW (2002) Effect of air pollution control on death rates in Dublin, Ireland: an intervention study. The Lancet, 360:1210–1214.
    198. Clerbaux, C., Edwards, D.P., Deeter, M., Emmons, L., Lamarque, J., Tie, X.X., Massie, S.T., Gille, J., (2008) Carbon monoxide pollution from cities and urban areas observed by the Terra/MOPITT mission. Geophysical Research Letters 35, L03817. doi:10.1029/2007GL032300.
    199. Clough, S.A., et al., (2006) Forward model and Jacobians for tropospheric emission spectrometer retrievals. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 44, 1308–1323.
    200. Cohen AJ, Nikula K (1999) Health effects of diesel exhaust: laboratory and epidemiologic studies. In: Air pollution and health. Holgate ST, Samet JM, Koren HS, Maynard R, eds. Academic Press, London.
    201. COMEAP (1998) Quantification of the effects of air pollution on health in the United Kingdom. Department of Health Committee on the Medical Effects of Air Pollutants. Stationery Office, London.
    202. COMEAP (2001) Statement on long term effects of particles on mortality. Available at http://www.doh.gov.uk/comeap/state.htm, or as a printable document at http://www.doh.gov.uk/comeap/statementsreports/longtermeffects.pdf.
    203. Conceiao GMS, Miraglia SGEK, Kishi HS, Saldiva PNH, Singer JM (2001) Air pollution and child mortality: a time series study in São Paulo, Brazil. Environmental Health Perspectives, 109:347–350.
    204. Cooper, H. & Hedges, L. V. The Handbook of Research Synthesis (Russell Sage Foundation, 1994).
    205. Cooper, O. R., Parrish, D. D., Stohl, A., Trainer, M., Ned´ elec, P., ´Thouret, V., Cammas, J. P., Oltmans, S. J., Johnson, B. J., Tarasick, D., Leblanc, T., McDermid, I. S., Jaffe, D., Gao, R., Stith, J., Ryerson, T., Aikin, K., Campos, T., Weinheimer, A., and Avery, M. A.: (2010) Increasing springtime ozone mixing ratios in the free troposphere over western North America, Nature, 463, 344–348, doi:10.1038/nature08708.
    206. Cowling, E., et al., (2007) Final Rapid Science Synthesis Report: Findings from the Second Texas Air Quality Study (TexAQS II). Technical report, Texas Commission on Environmental Quality.
    207. Critical Satellite Climate Change Datasets; Subcommittee on Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies; U.S. Congress: Washington, DC, 2009.
    208. De Almeida Castanho, A.A.D.; Vanderlei Martins, J.; Artaxo, P. (2008) MODIS Aerosol Optical Depth Retrievals with High Spatial Resolution over an Urban Area Using the Critical Reflectance; J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 113, D02201; doi: 10.1029/2007JD008751.
    209. De Graaf, M., Stammes, P., (2005) SCIAMACHY absorbing aerosol index. Calibration issues and global results from 2002–2004. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 5, 2385–2394.
    210. De Graaf, M., Stammes, P., Torres, O., Koelemeijer, R.B.A., (2005) Absorbing aerosol index: sensitivity analysis, application to GOME and comparison with TOMS. Journal of Geophysical Research 110, doi:10. 1029/2004JD005178.
    211. De Smedt, I.; Muller, J.F.; Stavrakou, T.; van der A, R.; Eskes, H.; Van Roozendael, M. (2008) Twelve Years of Global Observations of Formaldehyde in the Troposphere using GOME and SCIAMACHY Sensors; Atmos. Phys. Chem., 8, 4947-4963.
    212. Deeter, M.N., Edwards, D.P., Gille, J.C., Drummond, J.R. (2007) Sensitivity of MOPITT observations to carbon monoxide in the lower troposphere. Journal of Geophysical Research D24306. doi:10.1029/2007JD008929.
    213. Deeter, M.N., Emmons, L.K., Edwards, D.P., Gille, J.C., Drummond, J.R. (2004) Vertical resolution and information content of CO profiles retrieved by MOPITT. Geophysical Research Letters 31, L15112. doi:10. 1029/2004GL020235.
    214. Deeter, M.N., et al., (2003) Operational carbon monoxide retrieval algorithm and selected results for the MOPITT instrument. Journal of Geophysical Research 108, 4399, doi:10.1029/2002JD003186.
    215. Derwent RG (1999) Atmospheric chemistry. In: Air pollution and health. Holgate ST, Samet JM, Koren HS, Maynard R, eds. Academic Press, London.
    216. DeSouza-Machado, S.G.; Strow, L.L.; Hannon, S.E.; Motteler, H.E. (2006) Infrared Dust Spectral Signatures from AIRS; Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L03801; doi: 10.1029/2005gl024364.
    217. Deuze, J.L.; Herman, M.; Goloub, P.; Tanre, D.; Marchand, A. (1999) Characterization of Aerosols over Ocean from POLDER/ADEOS-1; Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 1421-1424.
    218. Deuze´ , J.L., et al., (2001) Remote sensing of aerosols over land surfaces from POLDER/ADEOS-1 polarized measurements. Journal of Geophysical Research 106, 4913–4926.
    219. Dickson, R. R., Kelly, P. M., Colebrook, J. M., Wooster, W. S.&Cushing, D. H. (1988) North winds and production in the production in the eastern North Atlantic. J. Plankton Res. 10, 151–169.
    220. Diesel Working Group (1995) Diesel exhaust: a critical analysis of emissions, exposure, and health effects. Special report. Health Effects Institute, Cambridge, MA.
    221. Dils, B., et al., (2006) Comparisons between SCIAMACHY and ground-based FTIR data for total columns of CO, CH4, CO2 and N2O. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 6, 1953–1976.
    222. Diner, D.J., et al. (1998) Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR) instrument description and experiment overview. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 36, 1072–1087.
    223. Diner, D.J., Martonchik, J.V., Kahn, R.A., Pinty, B., Gobron, N., Nelson, D.L., Holben, B.N. (2005) Using angular and spectral shape similarity constraints to improve MISR aerosol and surface retrievals over land. Remote Sensing of Environment 94, 155–171.
    224. Dockery DW, Pope AC, Xu X et al. (1993) An association between air pollution and mortality in six US cities. New England Journal of Medicine, 329: 1753–1759.
    225. Dominici, F., Peng, R. D., Bell, M. L., Pham, L., McDermott, A., Zeger, S. L., and Samet, J. M. (2006) Fine particulate air pollution and hospital admission for cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, JAMA, 295, 1127–1134.
    226. Doney, S. C. Plankton in a warmer world. Nature 444, 695–696 (2006).
    227. Drummond, J.R., Mand, G.S., (1996) The Measurements of pollution in the troposphere (MOPITT) instrument: overall performance and calibration requirements. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 13, 314–320.
    228. Drury, E.E., Jacob, D.J., Wang, J., Spurr, R.J.D., Chance, K. (2008) Improved algorithm for MODIS satellite retrievals of aerosol optical depths over land. Journal of Geophysical Research, Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 113, D16204, 11 PP., doi:10.1029/2007JD009573.
    229. Dubovik, O., Lapyonok, T., Kaufman, Y.J., Chin, M., Ginoux, P., Sinyuk, A., (2007) Retrieving global sources of aerosols from MODIS observations by inverting the GOCART model. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 7, 3629–3718.
    230. Dubovik, O.; Lapyonok, T.; Kaufman, Y.J.; Chin, M.; Ginoux, P.; Kahn, R. A.; Sinyuk, A. (2008) Retrieving Global Aerosol Sources from Satellites Using Inverse Modeling; A.C.P., 8, 209-250.
    231. Dubovik, O.; Smirnov, A.; Holben, B.N.; King, M.D.; Kaufman, Y.J.; Eck, T.F. (2000) Slutsker, I. Accuracy Assessments of Aerosol Optical Properties Retrieved from Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) Sun and Sky Radiance Measurements; J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 105, 9791-9806.
    232. Duncan, B.N., Martin, R.V., Staudt, A.C., Yevich, R.M., Logan, J.A., (2003) Interannual and seasonal variability of biomass burning emissions constrained by remote-sensed observations. Journal of Geophysical Research 108, 4040. doi:10.1029/2002JD002378.
    233. Earth Science and Applications from Space: National Imperatives for the Next Decade and Beyond; National Research Council; National Academies: Washington, DC, 2007.
    234. Eder, B.; Kang, D.; Mathur, R.; Pleim, J.; Yu, S.; Otte, T.; Pouliot, G. (2009) A Performance Evaluation of the National Air Quality Forecast Capability for the Summer of 2007; Atmos. Environ., 43, 2312-2320.
    235. Edwards, D.P., (2006) Air quality remote sensing from space. EOS Transactions of the American Geophysical Union 87, 327.
    236. Edwards, D.P., et al., (2003) Tropospheric ozone over the tropical Atlantic: a satellite perspective. Journal of Geophysical Research 108, 4237. doi: 10.1029/2002JD002927.
    237. Eisinger, M., Burrows, J.P.,(1998) Tropospheric sulfur dioxide observed by the ERS-2 GOME instrument. Geophysical Research Letters 25, 4177–4180.
    238. Elbern, H., Schmidt, H., (2001) Ozone episode analysis by four-dimensional variational chemistry data assimilation. Journal of Geophysical Research 106, 3569–3590.
    239. Emmons, L., et al., (2004) Validation of measurements of pollution in the troposphere (MOPITT) CO retrievals with aircraft in situ profiles. Journal of Geophysical Research 109, D03309. doi:10.1029/2003 JD004101.
    240. Emmons, L.K., et al., (2007) Measurements of pollution in the troposphere (MOPITT) validation exercises during summer 2004 field campaigns over North America. Journal of Geophysical Research 112, D12S02. doi:10.1029/2006JD007833.
    241. Engel-Cox, J.A., Christopher, H.H., Coutant, B.W., Hoff, R.M., (2004) Qualitative and quantitative evaluation of MODIS satellite sensor data for regional and urban scale air quality. Atmospheric Environment 38, 2495–2509.
    242. Engel-Cox, J.A., Hoff, R.M., Rogers, R., Dimmick, F., Rush, A.C., Szykman, J.J., Al-Saadi, J., Chu, D.A., Zell, E.R., (2006) Integrating lidar and satellite optical depth with ambient monitoring for 3-dimensional particulate characterization. Atmospheric Environment 40, 8056–8067.
    243. Engel-Cox, J.A.; Hoff, R.M.; Haymet, A.D.J. (2004) Recommendations on the Use of Satellite Remote-Sensing Data for Urban Air Quality; J. Air & Waste Manage. Assoc., 54, 1360-1371.
    244. Engel-Cox, J.A.; Hoff, R.M.; Rogers, R.; Dimmick, F.; Rush, A.C.; Szykman, J.J.; Al-Saadi, J.; Chu, D.A.; Zell, E.R. (2006) Integrating Lidar and Satellite Optical Depth with Ambient Monitoring for 3-Dimensional Particulate Characterization; Atmos. Environ, 40, 8056-8067.
    245. Engel-Cox, J.A.; Holloman, C.H.; Coutant, B.W.; Hoff, R.M. (2004) Qualitative and Quantitative Evaluation of MODIS Satellite Sensor Data for Regional and Urban Scale Air Quality; Atmos. Environ, 38, 2495-2509.
    246. Engel-Cox, J.A.; Young, G.S.; Hoff, R.M. (2005) Application of Satellite Remote-Sensing Data for Source Analysis of Fine Particulate Matter Transport Events; J. Air & Waste Manage. Assoc. 55, 1389-1397.
    247. Engle-Cox, J.A., Hoff, R.M., Haymet, A.D.J., (2004) Recommendations on the use of satellite remote-sensing data for urban air quality. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association 54, 1360–1371.
    248. Engle-Cox, J.A., Holloman, C.H., Coutant, B.W., Hoff, R.M., (2004) Qualitative and quantitative evaluation of MODIS satellite sensor data for regional and urban scale air quality. Atmospheric Environment 38, 2495–2509.
    249. Engle-Cox, J.A., Young, G.S., Hoff, R.M., (2005) Application of satellite remote-sensing data for source analysis of find particulate matter transport events. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association 55, 1389–1397.
    250. ESA Satellite Missions; European Space Agency; available at http:// earth.esa.int/missions/ (available at January 31, 2009).
    251. European Space Agency (2008, February 13). Satellite Data To Deliver ‘State-of-the-art’ Air Quality Information In Europe. ScienceDaily. Retrieved October 17, 2010, from http://www. sciencedaily.com¬ /releases/2008/02/080205115810.htm. Feb, 2008.
    252. Explorer Series of Spacecraft; National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA); NASA History Division; available at http://history. nasa.gov/explorer.html (accessed January 30, 2009).
    253. Ezzati M, Lopez AD, Rodgers A, Vander Hoorn S, Murray CJL, (2002) Comparative Risk Assessment Collaborating Group. Selected major risk factors and global and regional burden of disease. The Lancet, 360: 1347–1360.
    254. Falke, S.R., Husar, R.B., Schichtel, B.A., (2001) Fusion of SeaWiFS and TOMS satellite data with surface observations and topographic data during extreme aerosol events. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association 51, 1579–1585.
    255. Falkowski, P. & Wilson, C. (1992) Phytoplankton productivity in the North Pacific ocean since 1900 and implications for absorption of anthropogenic CO2. Nature 358, 741–743.
    256. Falkowski, P. G., Barber, R. T. & Smetacek, V. (1998) Biogeochemical controls and feedbacks on ocean primary production. Science 281, 200–206.
    257. Fan, X.H.; Goloub, P.; Deuze, J.L.; Chen, H.B.; Zhang, W.X.; Tanre, D.; Li, Z.Q. (2008) Evaluation of PARASOL Aerosol Retrieval over North East Asia; Rem. Sens. Environ., 112, 697-707.
    258. Field, C. B., Behrenfeld, M. J., Randerson, J. T. & Falkowski, P. (1998) Primary production of the biosphere: integrating terrestrial and oceanic components. Science 281, 237–240.
    259. Fiore, A.M., Jacob, D.J., Bey, I., Yantosca, R.M., Field, B.D., Wilkinson, J.G., (2002) Background ozone over the United States in summer: origin and contribution to pollution episodes. Journal of Geophysical Research 107. doi:10.1029/2001JD000982.
    260. Fire Locating and Modeling of Burning Emissions (FLAMBE` ); U.S. Naval Research Laboratory; available at http://www.nrlmry.navy.mil/flambe/index.html (accessed January 30, 2009).
    261. Fisher, M., Lary, D.J., (1995) Lagrangian four-dimensional variational data assimilation of chemical species. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society 121, 1681–1704.
    262. Fishman, J., Vukovich, F.M., Cahoon, D., Shipman, M.C., (1987) The characterization of an air pollution episode using satellite total ozone measurements. Journal of Applied Meteorology 26, 1638–1654.
    263. Fishman, J., Watson, C.E., Larsen, J.C., Logan, J.A., (1990) Distribution of tropospheric ozone determined from satellite data. Journal of Geophysical Research 95, 3599–3617.
    264. Fishman, J.; Bowman, K.W.; Burrows, J.P.; Richter, A.; Chance, K.V.; Edwards, D.P.; Martin, R.V.; Morris, G.A.; Pierce, R.B.; Ziemke, J.R.; Al-Saadi, J.A.; Creilson, J.K.; Schaack, T.K.; Thompson, A.M. (2008) Remote Sensing of Tropospheric Pollution from Space; Bull. Am. Meteor. Soc., 89, 805-821.
    265. Forster, P.; Ramaswamy, V.; Artaxo, P.; Berntsen, T.; Betts, R.; Fahey, D.W.; Haywood, J.; Lean, J.; Lowe, D.C.; Myhre, G.; Nganga, J.; Prinn, R.; Raga, G.M.S.; Van Dorland, R. (2007) Changes in Atmospheric Constituents and in Radiative Forcing; Cambridge: New York.
    266. Frank, K. T., Petrie, B., Choi, J. S. & Leggett, W. C. (2005) Trophic cascades in a formerly cod-dominated ecosystem. Science 308, 1621–1623.
    267. Frankenberg, C., Platt, U., Wagner, T., (2005) Retrieval of CO from SCIAMACHY onboard ENVISAT: detection of strongly polluted areas and seasonal patterns in global CO abundances. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 5, 1639–1644.
    268. Franklin, M., Zeka, A., and Schwartz, J. (2007) Association between PM2.5 and all-cause and specific-cause mortality in 27 US communities, J. Expo. Sci. Environ. Epidemiol., 17, 279–287.
    269. Fraser, R.S., (1976) Satellite measurement of mass of Sahara dust in the atmosphere. Applied Optics 15, 2471–2479.
    270. Fraser, R.S., Kaufman, Y.J., Mahoney, R.L., (1984) Satellite measurements of aerosol mass and transport. Atmospheric Environment 18, 2577–2584.
    271. Fraser, R.S.; Kaufman, Y.J. (1985) The Relative Importance of Aerosol Scattering and Absorption in Remote Sensing; IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 5, 625-633.
    272. Fromentin, J. M. & Planque, B. (1996) Calanus and environment in the eastern North Atlantic. 2. Influence of the North Atlantic Oscillation on C. finmarchicus and C. helgolandicus. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 134, 111–118.
    273. Fu, T.-M., Jacob, D.J., Palmer, P.I., Chance, K., Wang, Y.X., Barletta, B., Blake, D.R., Stanton, J.C., Pilling, M.J., (2007) Space-based formaldehyde measurements as constraints on volatile organic compound emissions in East and South Asia. Journal of Geophysical Research 112, D06312. doi:10.1029/2006JD007853.
    274. Fu, T.M.; Jacob, D.J.; Wittrock, F.; Burrows, J.P.; Vrekoussis, M.; Henze, D.K. (2008) Global Budgets of Atmospheric Glyoxal and Methylglyoxal, and Implications for Formation of Secondary Organic Aerosols; J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 113, D15303; doi: 10.1029/2007jd009505.
    275. Gao J (1993) Relationship between air pollution and mortality in Dongcheng and Xicheng Districts, Beijing. Chung-Hua Yu Fang i Hsueh Tsa Chih [Chinese Journal of Preventive Medicine], 27:340–343.
    276. Gent, J. F., Koutrakis, P., Belanger, K., Triche, E., Holford, T. R., Bracken, M. B., and Leaderer, B. P. (2009) Symptoms and medication use in children with asthma and traffic-related sources of fine particle pollution, Environ. Health Persp., 117, 1168–1174.
    277. Gent, J. F., Triche, E. W., Holford, T. R., Belanger, K., Bracken, M. B., Beckett, W. S., and Leaderer, B. P. (2003) Association of low-level ozone and fine particles with respiratory symptoms in children with asthma, JAMA, 290, 1859–1867.
    278. Gerard, B.; Deuze, J.L.; Herman, M.; Kaufman, Y. J.; Lallart, P.; Oudard, C.; Remer, L.A.; Roger, B.; Six, B.; Tanre, D. (2005) Comparisons between POLDER 2 and MODIS/Terra Aerosol Retrievals over Ocean; J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 110, D24211; doi: 10.1029/2005jd006218.
    279. German Aerospace Center, (2010) Promote Final Report Atmosphere. Retrieved October 17, 2010 from http://www.gse-promote.org/ docs/FinalReport_WebVersion.pdf.
    280. Gille, J.C.; Russell, J.M., III. (1984) The Limb Infrared Monitor of the Stratosphere—Experiment Description, Performance, and Results; J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 89, 5125-5140; doi:10.1029/JD089iD04p05125.
    281. Gillespie, A.; Rokugawa, S.; Matsunaga, T.; Cothern, J.S.; Hook, S.; Kahle, A.B. (1998) A Temperature and Emissivity Separation Algorithm for Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) Images; IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 36, 1113-1126.
    282. Gloudemans, A.M.S., Krol, M.C., Meirink, J.F., de Laat, A.T.J., van der Werf, G.R., Schrijver, H., van den Broek, M.M.P., Aben, I. (2006) Evidence for long-range transport of carbon monoxide in the Southern Hemisphere from SCIAMACHY observations. Geophysical Research Letters 33, L16807. doi:10.1029/2006GL026804.
    283. Gloudemans, A.M.S., Schrijver, H., Kleipool, Q., van den Broek, M.M.P., Straume, A.G., Lichtenberg, G., van Hees, R.M., Aben, I., Meirink, J.F., (2005) The impact of SCIAMACHY near-infrared instrument calibration on CH4 and CO total columns. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 5, 2369–2383.
    284. Goloub, P.; Arino, O. (2000) Verification of the Consistency of POLDER Aerosol Index over Land with ATSR-2/ERS-2 Fire Product; Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, 899-902.
    285. Goody, R.M.; Yung, Y.L. (1995) Atmospheric Radiation: Theoretical Basis; Oxford University: New York.
    286. Gouveia N, Fletcher T (2000) Time series analysis of air pollution and mortality: effects by cause, age and socioeconomic status. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 54:750–755.
    287. Grant LD, Shoaf CR, Davis JM (1999) Sources of air pollution. In: Air pollution and health. Holgate ST, Samet JM, Koren HS, Maynard R, eds. Academic Press, London.
    288. GraziaM.Marcazzan, Stefano Vaccaro, GianluigiValli, Roberta Vecchi (2001) Characterisation of PM10 and PM2.5 particulate matter in the ambient air of Milan (Italy), Atmos. Environ, 35, 4639-4650.
    289. Gregg, W. W. & Conkright, M. E. (2002) Decadal changes in global ocean chlorophyll. Geophys. Res. Lett. 29, 1730–1734.
    290. Gregg, W. W., Casey, N. W. & McClain, C. R. (2005) Recent trends in global ocean chlorophyll. Geophys. Res. Lett. 32, 1–5.
    291. Grønskei KE, Gram F, Hagen LO et al. (1997a) URBAIR Urban air quality management strategy in Asia: Jakarta report. Shah J, Nagpal T, eds. World Bank, Washington, DC.
    292. Grønskei KE, Gram F, Hagen LO et al. (1997b) URBAIR Urban air quality management strategy in Asia: Kathmandu Valley report. Shah J, Nagpal T, eds. World Bank, Washington, DC.
    293. Grover, B.D.; Kleinman, M.; Eatough, N.L.; Eatough, D.J.; Hopke, P.K.; Long, R.W.; Wilson, W.E.; Meyer, M.B.; Ambs, J.L. (2005) Measurement of Total PM2.5 Mass (Nonvolatile Plus Semivolatile) with the Filter Dynamic Measurement System Tapered Element Oscillating Microbalance Monitor; J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 110, D07S03; doi: 10.1029/2004jd004995.
    294. Guerova, G., Bey, I., Attie, J.-L., Martin, R.V., Cui, J., Sprenger, M., (2006). Impact of transatlantic transport episodes on summertime ozone in Europe. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 6, 2057–2072.
    295. Gupta, P., Christopher, S.A., Wang, J., Gehrig, R., Lee, Y., Kumar, N., (2006). Satellite remote sensing of particulate matter and air quality assessment over global cities. Atmospheric Environment 40, 5880–5892.
    296. Gupta, P.; Christopher, S.A. (2008) An Evaluation of Terra-MODIS Sampling for Monthly and Annual Particulate Matter Air Quality Assessment over the Southeastern United States; Atmos. Environ., 42, 6465-6471.
    297. Gupta, P.; Christopher, S.A. (2008) Seven Year Particulate Matter Air Quality Assessment from Surface and Satellite Measurements; Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 3311-3324.
    298. Gupta, P.; Christopher, S.A.; Box, M.A.; Box, G. P. (2007) Multiyear Satellite Remote Sensing of Particulate Matter Air Quality over Sydney, Australia; Int. J. Rem. Sens., 28, 4483-4498.
    299. Hajat S, Anderson HR, Atkinson RW, Haines A (2002) Effects of air pollution on general practitioner consultations for upper respiratory diseases in London. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 59:294–299.
    300. Hajat S, Haines A, Atkinson RW, Bremner SA, Anderson HR, Emberlin J (2001) Association between air pollution and daily consultations with general practitioners for allergic rhinitis in London, United Kingdom. American Journal of Epidemiology, 153:704–714.
    301. Hales S, Salmond C, Town GI, Kjellstrom T, Woodward A (2000) Daily mortality in relation to weather and air pollution in Christchurch, New Zealand. Australia and New Zealand Journal of Public Health, 24: 89–91.
    302. Hansen, D.A.; Edgerton, E.S.; Hartsell, B.E.; Jansen, J.J.; Kandasamy, N.; Hidy, G.M.; Blanchard, C.L. (2003) The Southeastern Aerosol Research and Characterization Study. Part 1: Overview; J. Air & Waste Manage. Assoc., 53, 1460-1471.
    303. Hao, W.M.; Ward, D.E.; Susott, R.A.; Babbitt, R.E.; Nordgren, B.L.; Kaufman, Y.J.; Holben, B.N.; Giles, D.M. (2005) Comparison of Aerosol Optical Thickness Measurements by MODIS, AERONET Sun Photometers, and Forest Service Handheld Sun Photometers in Southern Africa during the SAFARI 2000 Campaign; Int. J. Rem. Sens., 26, 4169- 4183.
    304. Harley, R.A., Marr, L.C., Lehner, J.K., Giddings, S.N. (2005) Changes in motor vehicle emissions on diurnal to decadal time scales and effects on atmospheric composition. Environmental Science & Technology 39, 5356–5362.
    305. Hart, W.D.; Spinhirne, J.D.; Palm, S.P.; Hlavka, D.L. (2005)Height Distribution between Cloud and Aerosol Layers from the GLAS Spaceborne Lidar in the Indian Ocean Region; Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L22S06; doi: 10.1029/2005gl023671.
    306. Hastie, T. & Tibshirani, R. (1986) Generalized additive models. Stat. Sci. 1, 297–318.
    307. Heald, C.L., et al., (2004) Comparative inverse analysis of satellite (MOPITT) and aircraft (TRACE-P) observations to estimate Asian sources of carbon monoxide. Journal of Geophysical Research 109, D23306, doi: 10.1029/2004JD005185.
    308. Heald, C.L., Jacob, D.J., Park, R.J., Alexander, B., Fairlie, T.D., Yantosca, R.M., Chu, D.A., (2006) Transpacific transport of Asian anthropogenic aerosols and its impact on surface air quality in the United States. Journal of Geophysical Research 111, D14310, doi:10.1029/ 2005JD006847.
    309. Health Effects Institute (2000a) National morbidity, mortality and air pollution study. (HEI Report No. 94, Part 1. Methods and methodologic issues) Health Effects Institute. Cambridge, MA. 1426 Comparative Quantification of Health Risks
    310. Health Effects Institute (2000) National morbidity, mortality and air pollution study. (HEI Report No. 94. Part 2.) Health Effects Institute. Cambridge, MA.
    311. Health Effects Institute (2001) Airborne particles and health: HEI epidemiologic evidence. HEI perspectives. Health Effects Institute, Cambridge, MA.
    312. Health Effects Institute (2002) Understanding the health effects of components of the particulate matter mix: progress and next steps. HEI Perspectives. Health Effects Institute, Boston, MA.
    313. Health Effects Institute (2003) Revised analyses of time-series studies of air pollution and health. Health Effects Institute. Boston, MA.
    314. Hedley AJ, Wong CM, Thach TQ, Ma S, Lam TH, Anderson HR (2002) Cardiorespiratory and all-cause mortality after restrictions on sulphur content of fuel in Hong Kong: an intervention study. The Lancet, 360: 1646–1652.
    315. Heinrich J, Hoelscher B, Wichmann HE (2000) Decline of ambient air pollution and respiratory symptoms in children. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 161:1930–1936.
    316. Heland, J., Schlager, H., Richter, A., Burrows, J.P., (2002) First comparison of tropospheric NO2 column densities retrieved from GOME measurements and in situ aircraft profile measurements. Geophysical Research Letters 29, 1983. doi:10.1029/2002GL015528.
    317. Henson, S. A. et al. (2010) Detection of anthropogenic climate change in satellite records of ocean chlorophyll and productivity. Biogeosciences 7, 621–640.
    318. Herman, J.R., Bhartia, P.K., Torres, O., Hsu, C., Seftor, C., Celarier, E., (1997a). Global distribution of UV-absorbing aerosols from Nimbus 7-TOMS data. Journal of Geophysical Research 102, 16911–16922.
    319. Herman, J.R., Celarier, E.A., (1997). Earth surface reflectivity climatology at 340–380 nm from TOMS data. Journal of Geophysical Research 102, 28003–28011.
    320. Herman, M., Deuze´ , J.L., Devaux, C., Goloub, P., Bre´ on, F.M., Tanre´ , D., (1997b). Remote sensing of aerosols over land surface including polarization measurements and application to POLDER measurements. Journal of Geophysical Research 102, 17039–17049.
    321. Heue, K.-P., et al., (2005). Validation of SCIAMACHY tropospheric NO2- columns with AMAXDOAS measurements. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 5, 1039–1051.
    322. Ho, S.-P., Edwards, D.P., Gille, J.C., Chen, J., Ziskin, D., Francis, G.L., Deeter, M.N., Drummond, J.R., (2005). Estimates of 4.7 mm surface emissivity and their impact on the retrieval of tropospheric carbon monoxide by measurements of pollution in the troposphere (MOPITT). Journal of Geophysical Research 110, D21308. doi:10.1029/2005JD005946.
    323. Hodzic, A.; Vautard, R.; Chepfer, H.; Goloub, P.; Menut, L.; Chazette, P.; Deuze, J.L.; Apituley, A.; Couvert, P. (2006) Evolution of Aerosol Optical Thickness over Europe during the August 2003 Heat Wave as Seen from CHIMERE Model Simulations and POLDER Data; Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 1853-1864.
    324. Hoek G, Brunekreef B, Goldbohm S, Fischer P, van den Brandt PA (2002) Association between mortality and indicators of traffic-related air pollution in the Netherlands: a cohort study. The Lancet, 360:1203–1209.
    325. Hoff and Christopher (2009) Remote Sensing of Particulate Pollution from Space: Have We Reached the Promised Land? ISSN:1047-3289 J. Air & Waste Manage. Assoc. 59:645–675.
    326. Hoff, R. H. Zhang, N. Jordan, A. Prados,  J. Engel-Cox, A. Huff, S. Weber, E. Zell, S. Kondragunta, J. Szykman, B. Johns, F. Dimmick, A. Wimmers,  J. Al-Saadi, and C. Kittaka, (2009). Applications of the Three-Dimensional Air Quality System (3D-AQS) to Western U.S. Air Quality: IDEA, Smog Blog, Smog Stories, AirQuest, and the Remote Sensing Information Gateway.  JAWMA,, 59, 980-989.
    327. Hoff, R. M. and Christopher, S. A. (2009) Remote sensing of particulate pollution from space: Have we reached the promised land?, J. Air Waste Manag. Assoc., 59, 645–675.
    328. Hoff, R.M.; Palm, S.P.; Engel-Cox, J.A.; Spinhirne, J. (2005) GLAS Long- Range Transport Observation of the 2003 California Forest Fire Plumes to the Northeastern US; Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L22S08; doi: 10.1029/2005gl023723.
    329. Holben, B.N., Vermote, E., Kaufman, Y.J., Tanre´ , D., Kalb, V., (1992) Aerosol retrieval over land from AVHRR data – application for atmospheric correction. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 30, 212–222.
    330. Holben, B.N.; Eck, T.F.; Slutsker, I.; Tanre, D.; Buis, J.P.; Setzer, A.; Vermote, E.; Reagan, J.A.; Kaufman, Y.J.; Nakajima, T.; Lavenu, F.; Jankowiak, I.; (1998) Smirnov, A. AERONET—a Federated Instrument Network and Data Archive for Aerosol Characterization; Rem. Sens. Environ., 66, 1-16.
    331. Hollingsworth, A.; Engelen, R.J.; Textor, C.; Benedetti, A.; Boucher, O.; Chevallier, F.; Dethof, A.; Elbern, H.; Eskes, H.; Flemming, J.; Granier, C.; Kaiser, J.W.; Morcrette, J.J.; Rayner, P.; Peuch, V.H.; Rouil, L.; Schultz, M.G.; Simmons, A.J. (2008) Toward a Monitoring and Forecasting System for Atmospheric Composition: the GEMS Project; Bull. Am. Meteor. Soc., 89, 1147-1164.
    332. Holman C. (1999) Sources of air pollution. In: Air pollution and health. Holgate ST, Samet JM, Koren HS, Maynard R, eds. Academic Press, London.
    333. Hong C. (1995) Global burden of disease from air pollution. World Health Organization, Geneva. Available at http://www.cru.uea.ac.uk/~markn/cru05/cru05_intro.html.
    334. Hong Y.C., Leem J.H., Ha E.H. (1999) Air pollution and daily mortality in Inchon, Korea. Journal of Korean Medical Science, 14:239–244.
    335. Hong Y.C., Leem J.H., Ha E.H., Christiani D.C. (1999) PM10 exposure, gaseous pollutants, and daily mortality in Inchon, South Korea. Environmental Health Perspectives, 107:873–888.
    336. Horvath, H.; Noll, K.E. (1969) The Relationship between Atmospheric Light Scattering Coefficient and Visibility; Atmos. Environ., 3, 543-552.
    337. Hsu, N.C., Si-Chee, T., King, M.D., Herman, J.R., (2004). Aerosol properties over bright-reflecting source regions. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 42, 557–569.
    338. Hsu, N.C.; Tsay, S.C.; King, M.D.; Herman, J.R. (2006) Deep Blue Retrievals of Asian Aerosol Properties during ACE–Asia; IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 44, 3180-3195.
    339. Hu, Zhiyong. 2009 Spatial analysis of MODIS aerosol optical depth, PM2.5, and chronic coronary heart disease, International Journal of Health Geographics, 8:27 doi: 10.1186/1476-072X-8-27.
    340. Huang, M., Carmichael, G. R., Adhikary, B., Spak, S. N., Kulkarni, S., Cheng, Y. F., Wei, C., Tang, Y., Parrish, D. D., Oltmans, S. J., D’Allura, A., Kaduwela, A., Cai, C., Weinheimer, A. J., Wong, M., Pierce, R. B., Al-Saadi, J. A., Streets, D. G., and Zhang, Q.: (2010) Impacts of transported background ozone on California air quality during the ARCTAS-CARB period – a multi-scale modeling study, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 6947–6968, doi:10.5194/acp-10-6947-2010.
    341. Hurley F, Holland MR, Markandya A et al. (2000) Towards assessing and costing the health impacts of ambient particulate air pollution in the UK. (Report TM/00/07.) Institute of Occupational Medicine, Edinburgh.
    342. Hutchison, K.D., (2003). Applications of MODIS satellite data and products for monitoring air quality in the state of Texas. Atmospheric Environment 37, 2403–2412.
    343. Hutchison, K.D., (2003). Applications of MODIS satellite data and products for monitoring air quality in the state of Texas. Atmospheric Environment 37, 2403–2412.
    344. Hutchison, K.D., Smith, S., Faruqui, S., (2004). The use of MODIS data and aerosol products for air quality prediction. Atmospheric Environment 38, 5057–5070.
    345. Hutchison, K.D.: Faruqui, S.J.; Smith, S. (2008) Improving Correlations between MODIS Aerosol Optical Thickness and Ground-Based PM2.5 Observations through 3D Spatial Analyses; Atmos. Environ., 42, 530-543.
    346. Hutchison, K.D.; Pekker, T.; Smith, S. Improved Retrievals of Cloud Boundaries from MODIS for Use in Air Quality Modeling; Atmos. Environ. 2006, 40, 5798-5806.
    347. Hutchison, K.D.; Smith, S.; Faruqui, S. (2004) The Use of MODIS Data and Aerosol Products for Air Quality Prediction; Atmos. Environ., 38, 5057-5070.
    348. Hutchison, K.D.; Smith, S.; Faruqui, S.J. (2005) Correlating MODIS Aerosol Optical Thickness Data with Ground-Based PM2.5 Observations across Texas for Use in a Real-Time Air Quality Prediction System; Atmos. Environ., 39, 7190-7203.
    349. Hyslop, N. An Evaluation of Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments (IMPROVE) Collocated Precision and Uncertainty Estimates; Atmos. Environ. (2008), 42, 2691-2705.
    350. Ichoku, C., Chu, D.A., Chu, S., Kaufman, Y.J., Remer, L.A., Tanre´ , D., Slutsker, I., Holben, B.N., (2002). A spatio-temporal approach for global validation and analysis of MODIS aerosol products. Geophysical Research Letters 29, 8006. doi:10.1029/2001GL013206.
    351. Ichoku, C., Remer, L.A., Eck, T.F., (2005). Quantitative evaluation and intercomparison of morning and afternoon MODIS aerosol measurements from the Terra and Aqua satellites. Journal of Geophysical Research 110, D10S03. doi:10.1029/2004JD004987.
    352. Ichoku, C.; Giglio, L.; Wooster, M.J.; Remer, L.A. (2008) Global Characterization of Biomass-Burning Patterns Using Satellite Measurements of Fire Radiative Energy; Rem. Sens. Environ., 112, 2950-2962.
    353. Ichoku, C.; Kaufman, Y. J. A (2005) Method to Derive Smoke Emission Rates from MODIS Fire Radiative Energy Measurements; IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 43, 2636-2649.
    354. Ichoku, C.; Remer, L.A.; Eck, T.F. (2005) Quantitative Evaluation and Intercomparison of Morning and Afternoon Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Aerosol Measurements from Terra and Aqua; J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 110, D10S03; doi: 10.1029/2004jd004987.
    355. IGAC, (2007), Satellite observations of tropospheric trace gases and aerosols. In: IGACtivities Newsletter.
    356. IGOS–IGACO, (2004), An Integrated Global Atmospheric Chemistry Observation Theme for the IGOS Partnership, ESA SP-1282.
    357. Infusing Satellite Data into Environmental Applications (IDEA); National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; available at http://www.star.nesdis.noaa.gov/smcd/spb/aq/ (accessed January 30, 2009).
    358. Instituto Nacional de Ecología (2000) Almanaque de datos y tendencias de la calidad del aire en ciudades Mexicanas [Temperature data and trends in Mexican cities], Dirección General de Gestión e Información Ambiental del Instituto Nacional de Ecología, Secretaría de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales (SEMARNAP) [The Secretariat of Environment and Natural Resources], Mexico. Unpublished document, available at http://www.ine.gob.mx.
    359. International Energy Agency (2001a) Energy balance of non-OECD countries 1995–1999. International Energy Agency, Vienna.
    360. International Energy Agency (2001b) Energy Balance of OECD Countries 1995–1999. International Energy Agency, Vienna.
    361. Irie, H., et al., (2005). Evaluation of long-term tropospheric NO2 data obtained by GOME over East Asia in 1996–2002. Geophysical Research Letters 32, L11810. doi:10.1029/2005GL022770.
    362. Jacob, D.J., (2006). Inverse modeling techniques. In: Visconti, G., Di Carlo, P., Brune, W., Schoeberl, M., Wahner, A. (Eds.), Observing Systems for Atmospheric Composition. Springer.
    363. Jaegle´ , L., Steinberger, L., Martin, R.V., Chance, K., (2005). Global partitioning of NOx sources using satellite observations: relative roles of fossil fuel combustion, biomass burning and soil emissions. Faraday Discussions 130, 407–423. doi:10.1039/b502128f.
    364. Jeffrey, S. W., Mantoura, R. F. C. & Wright, S. W. Phytoplankton Pigments in Oceanography Vol. 10 (UNESCO, 1997).
    365. Jerrett M, Burnett RT, Kanaroglou P et al. (2001) A GIS-environmental justice analysis of particulate air pollution in Hamilton, Canada. Environment and Planning A, 33:955–973.
    366. Jiang, X., Liu, Y., Yu, B., Jiang, M., (2007). Comparison of MISR aerosol optical thickness with AERONET measurements in Beijing metropolitan area. Remote Sensing of Environment 107, 45–53.
    367. Jian-Ping Guo, Xiao-Ye Zhang, Hui-Zheng Che, Sun-Ling Gong, Xingqin An, Chun-Xiang Cao, Jie Guang, Hao Zhang, Ya-Qiang Wang, Xiao-Chun Zhang, Min Xue, Xiao-Wen Li. (2009) Correlation between PM concentrations and aerosol optical depth in eastern China, Atmospheric Environment, Volume 43, Issue 37, , Pages 5876-5886, ISSN 1352-2310
    368. Jones, D.B.A., Bowman, K.W., Logan, J.A., Heald, C.L., Liu, J., Luo, M., Worden, J., Drummond, J.R., (2007). Inversion analysis of carbon monoxide emissions using data from the TES and MOPITT satellite instruments. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 7, 17625–17662.
    369. Jordan, N.S.; Ichoku, C.; Hoff, R.M. (2008) Estimating Smoke Emissions over the U.S. Southern Great Plains using MODIS Fire Radiative Power and Aerosol Observations; Atmos. Environ., 42, 2007-2022.
    370. Joseph, J.H.; Wiscombe, W.J.; Weinman, J.A. (1976) The Delta-Eddington Approximation for Radiative Flux Transfer; J. Atmos. Sci., 33, 2452-2459.
    371. J-Track 3-D Satellite Tracking; National Aeronautics and Space Administration; available at http://scisites.msfc.nasa.gov/realtime/jtrack/3d/ JTrack3D.html (accessed January 29, 2009).
    372. Justice, C.O.; Giglio, L.; Korontzi, S.; Owens, J.; Morisette, J.T.; Roy, D.; Descloitres, J.; Alleaume, S.; Petitcolin, F.; Kaufman, Y. (2002) The MODIS Fire Products; Remote Sens. Environ., 83, 244-262.
    373. K Bogumil, J Orphal, T Homann, S Voigt, P Spietz, O.C Fleischmann, A Vogel, M Hartmann, H Kromminga, H Bovensmann, J Frerick, J.P Burrows (2003) Measurements of molecular absorption spectra with the SCIAMACHY pre-flight model: instrument characterization and reference data for atmospheric remote-sensing in the 230–2380 nm region. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A – Chemistry 157, 167–184.
    374. K.F. Boersma, D.J. Jacob, E.J. Bucsela, A.E. Perring, R. Dirksen, R.J. van der A, R.M. Yantosca, R.J. Park, M.O. Wenig, T.H. Bertram, R.C. Cohen, (2008). Validation of OMI troposphericNO2 observations during INTEX-B and application to constrain NOx emissions over the eastern United States and Mexico. Atmospheric Environment, 42, 4480–4497. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.02.004.
    375. Kacenelenbogen, M.; Leon, J.F.; Chiapello, I.; Tanre, D. (2006) Characterization of Aerosol Pollution Events in France Using Ground-Based and POLDER-2 Satellite Data; Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 4843-4849.
    376. Kahn, R., Banerjee, P., McDonald, D. (2001) The sensitivity of multiangle imaging to natural mixtures of aerosols over ocean. Journal of Geophysical Research 106, 18219–18238.
    377. Kahn, R., West, R., McDonald, D., Rheingans, B., Mishchenko, M.I. (1997) Sensitivity of multi-angle remote sensing observations to aerosol sphericity. Journal of Geophysical Research 102, 16861–16870.
    378. Kahn, R.A., Gaitley, B.J., Martonchik, J.V., Diner, D.J., Crean, K.A., Holben, B. (2005) Multiangle imaging spectroradiometer (MISR) global aerosol optical depth validation based on 2 years of coincident aerosol robotic network (AERONET) observations. Journal of Geophysical Research 110, D10S04. doi:10.1029/2004JD004706.
    379. Kahn, R.A., Li, W.-H., Moroney, C., Diner, D.J., Martonchik, J.V., Fishbein, E. (2007) Aerosol source plume physical characteristics from space-based multiangle imaging. Journal of Geophysical Research 112, D11205. doi:10.1029/2006JD007647.
    380. Kalashnikova, O.V., Kahn, R.A. (2006) Ability of multiangle remote sensing observations to identify and distinguish mineral dust types: part 2. Sensitivity over dark water. Journal of Geophysical Research 111, D11207. doi:10.1029/2005JD006756.
    381. Kasibhatla, P., Heimann, M., Rayner, P., Mahowald, N., Prinn, R.G., Hartley, D.E. (2000) Inverse Methods in Global Biogeochemical Cycles. American Geophysical Union, Washington, D.C.
    382. Katsouyanni K, Schwartz J, Spix C et al. (1996) Short term effects of air pollution on health: a European approach using epidemiologic time series data: the APHEA protocol. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 50:S12–18.
    383. Katsouyanni K, Touloumi G, Samoli E et al. (2001) Confounding and effect modification in the short-term effects of ambient particles on total mortality: results from 29 European cities within the APHEA2 project. Epidemiology, 12:521–531.
    384. Kaufman, Y. J. (1987) Satellite Sensing of Aerosol Absorption; J. Geophys. Res., 92, 4307-4317.
    385. Kaufman, Y.J., et al. (1997a) Passive remote sensing of tropospheric aerosol and atmospheric correction for the aerosol effect. Journal of Geophysical Research 102, 16815–16830.
    386. Kaufman, Y.J., et al. (2005b) A critical examination of the residual cloud contamination and diurnal sampling effects on MODIS estimates of aerosol over ocean. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 43, 2886–2897.
    387. Kaufman, Y.J., Haywood, J.M., Hobbs, P.V., Hart, W., Kleidman, R., Schmid, B. (2003) Remote sensing of vertical distributions of smoke aerosol off the coast of Africa. Geophysical Research Letters 30 (16), 1831.
    388. Kaufman, Y.J., Koren, I., Remer, L.A., Tanre, D., Ginoux, P., Fan, S. (2005a) Dust transport and deposition observed from the Terra–moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) spacecraft over the Atlantic Ocean. Journal of Geophysical Research 110, D12305, doi:10. 1029/2003JD004435.
    389. Kaufman, Y.J., Tanre, D., Boucher, O. (2002) A satellite view of aerosols in climate systems. Nature 419, 215–223.
    390. Kaufman, Y.J., Wald, A., Remer, L.A., Gao, B.-C., Li, R.-R., Flynn, L. (1997b) The MODIS 2.1 mm channel – correlation with visible reflectance foruse in remote sensing of aerosol. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 35, 1286–1298.
    391. Kaufman, Y.J.; Gobron, N.; Pinty, B.; Widlowski, J.L.; Verstraete, M.M. (2002) Relationship between Surface Reflectance in the Visible and mid-IR Used in MODIS Aerosol Algorithm—Theory; Geophys. Res. Lett. 29, 2116; doi: 10.1029/2001gl014492.
    392. Kaufman, Y.J.; Justice, C.O.; Flynn, L.P.; Kendall, J.D.; Prins, E.M.; Giglio, L.; Ward, D.E.; Menzel, W.P.; Setzer, A.W. (1998) Potential Global Fire Monitoring from EOS-MODIS; J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 103, 32215-32238.
    393. Kaynak, B., Hu, Y., Martin, R.V., Russell, A.G., Choi, Y., Wang, Y. (2008) The effect of lightning NOx production on surface ozone in the continental United States. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 8, 5061–5089.
    394. Keating, T., Zhuber, A. (2007) Hemispheric transport of air pollution. In: Air Pollution Studies. United Nations, New York and Geneva, p. 165.
    395. Kent, G.S.; Trepte, C.R.; Skeens, K.M.; Winker, D.M. (1998) LITE and SAGE II Measurements of Aerosols in the Southern Hemisphere Upper Troposphere; J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 103, 19,111-19,127.
    396. Kerr, J.B. (2002) New Methodology for Deriving Total Ozone and Other Atmospheric Variables from Brewer Spectrophotometer Direct Sun Spectra; J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 107, 4731; doi: 10.1029/2001jd001227.
    397. Khokhar, M.F., Frankenberg, C., Beirle, S., Ku¨ hl, S., Van Roozendael, M., Richter, A., Platt, U., Wagner, T. (2005) Satellite observations of atmospheric SO2 from volcanic eruptions during the time period of 1996 to 2002. Advances in Space Research 36, 879–887.
    398. Kidder, S.Q.; Vonder Haar, T.H. (1995) Satellite Meteorology: an Introduction; Academic: San Diego, CA.
    399. Kim, S.-W., et al. (2006) Satellite observed U.S. power plant NOx emission reductions and their impact on air quality. Geophysical Research Letters 33, L22812, doi:10.1029/2006GL027749.
    400. King, M.D., Kaufman, Y.J., Tanre´ , D., Nakajima, T. (1999) Remote sensing of tropospheric aerosols from space: past, present, and future. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 80, 2229–2259.
    401. Kinne, S., et al. (2003) Monthly averages of aerosol properties: a global comparison among models, satellite data and AERONET ground data. Journal of Geophysical Research 108, 4634. doi:10.1029/ 2001JD001253.
    402. Kittaka, C.; Winker, D.; Omar, A.; Liu, Z.; Vaughan, M.; Trepte, C. (2008) Global Aerosol Distributions Derived from the CALIPSO Observations. In Proceedings of the Fall Meeting of the American Geophysical Union (AGU); AGU: Washington, DC; Vol. 89, Abstract A41A- 0078.
    403. Kleidman, R.G.; O’Neill, N.T.; Remer, L.A.; Kaufman, Y.J.; Eck, T.F.; Tanre, D.; Dubovik, O.; Holben, B.N. (2005) Comparison of Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) Remote-Sensing Retrievals of Aerosol Fine Mode Fraction over Ocean; J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 110, D22205; doi:10.1029/2005jd005760.
    404. Klenk, K.F., Bhartia, P.K., Fleig, A.J., Kaveeshwar, V.G., McPeters, R.D., Smith, P.M. (1982) Total ozone determination from the backscattered ultraviolet (BUV) experiment. Journal of Applied Meteorology 21, 1672–1684.
    405. Knapp, K.R., Frouin, R., Kondragunta, S., Prados, A.I. (2005) Towards aerosol optical depth retrievals over land from GOES visible radiances: determining surface reflectance. International Journal of Remote Sensing 26, 4097–4116.
    406. Knapp, K.R., Vonder Haar, T.H., Kaufman, Y.J. (2002) Aerosol optical depth retrieval from GOES-8: uncertainty study and retrieval validation over South America. Journal of Geophysical Research 107, 4055. doi:10. 1029/2001JD000505.
    407. Knapp, K.R.; Frouin, R.; Kondragunta, S.; Prados, A. (2005) Toward Aerosol Optical Depth Retrievals over Land from GOES Visible Radiances: Determining Surface Reflectance; Int. J. Rem. Sens., 26, 4097-4116.
    408. Kobayashi, H., Shimota, A., Kondo, K., Okumura, E., Kameda, Y., Shimoda, H., Ogawa, T. (1999) Development and evaluation of the interferometric monitor for greenhouse gases: a high throughput Fourier-transform infrared radiometer for nadir Earth observation. Applied Optics 38, 6801–6807.
    409. Koelemeijer, R.B.A., de Haan, J.F., Stammes, P. (2003) A database of spectral surface reflectivity of the Earth in the range 335–772 nm derived from 5.5 years of GOME observations. Journal of Geophysical Research 108, 4070, doi:10.1029/2002JD002429.
    410. Koelemeijer, R.B.A., Homan, C.D., Matthijsen, J. (2006) Comparison of spatial and temporal variations of aerosol optical thickness and particulate matter over Europe. Atmospheric Environment 40, 5304–5315.
    411. Koelemeijer, R.B.A.; Homan, C.D.; Matthijsen, J. (2006) Comparison of Spatial and Temporal Variations of Aerosol Optical Thickness and Particulate Matter over Europe; Atmos. Environ., 40, 5304-5315.
    412. Komhyr, W.D.; Grass, R.D.; Leonard, R.K. (1989) Dobson Spectrophotometer 83—a Standard for Total Ozone Measurements, 1962–1987; J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 94, 9847-9861.
    413. Kondragunta, S.; Lee, P.; McQueen, J.; Kittaka, C.; Prados, A.I.; Ciren, P.; Laszlo, I.; Pierce, R.B.; Hoff, R.; Szykman, J.J. (2008) Air Quality Forecast Verification Using Satellite Data; J. Appl. Meteor. Clim., 47, 425-442.
    414. Konovalov, I.B., Beekmann, M., Richter, A., Burrows, J.P. (2006) Inverse modelling of the spatial distribution of NOx emissions on a continental scale using satellite data. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 6, 1747–1770.
    415. Konovalov, I.B.; Beekmann, M.; Burrows, J.P.; Richter, A. (2008) Satellite Measurement Based Estimates of Decadal Changes in European Nitrogen Oxides Emissions; Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 2623-2641.
    416. Kopacz, M., Jacob, D.J., Henze, D.K., Heald, C.L., Streets, D.G., Zhang, Q. (2009) Comparison of adjoint and analytical Bayesian inversion methods for constraining Asian sources of carbon monoxide using satellite (MOPITT) measurements of CO columns. Journal of Geophysical Research, Journal Of Geophysical Research, Vol. 114, D04305, 10 PP., doi:10.1029/2007JD009264.
    417. Koren, I.; Remer, L.A.; Kaufman, Y.J.; Rudich, Y.; Martins, J.V. (2007) On the Twilight Zone between Clouds and Aerosols; Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L08805, doi: 10.1029/2007gl029253.
    418. Koschmeider, H. (1924) Theorie der Horizontalen Sichtweite; Beitr. Phys. Freien Atmosph., 12, 33-53.
    419. Krewski D, Burnett RT, Goldberg MS et al. (2000) Reanalysis of the Harvard Six Cities Study and the American Cancer Society Study of particulate air pollution and mortality. A special report of the institute’s particle epidemiology reanalysis project. Health Effects Institute, Cambridge, MA.
    420. Krijger, J.M., van Weele, M., Aben, I., Frey, R. (2007) Technical note: the effect of sensor resolution on the number of cloud-free observations from space. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 7, 2881–2891.
    421. Krotkov, N. Earth Observatory: Sulfur Dioxide Emissions, Bulgaria; National Aeronautics and Space Administration; available at http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id_36790 (accessed January 31, 2009).
    422. Krotkov, N.A., Carn, S.A., Krueger, A.J., Bhartia, P.K., Yang, K. (2006) Band residual difference algorithm for retrieval of SO/sub 2/from the aura ozone monitoring instrument (OMI). IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 44, 1259–1266.
    423. Krotkov, N.A., et al. (2008) Validation of SO2 retrievals from ozone monitoring instrument (OMI) over NE China. Journal of Geophysical Research 113, D16S40. doi:10.1029/2007JD008818.
    424. Krueger, A.J. (1983) Sighting of El-Chichon sulfur-dioxide clouds with the Nimbus-7 total ozone mapping spectrometer. Science 220, 1377– 1379.
    425. Krzyzanowski M, Schwela D (1999) Patterns of air pollution in developing countries. In: Air pollution and health. Holgate ST, Samet JM, Koren HS, Maynard R, eds. Academic Press, London.
    426. Krzyzanowski M, Wojtyniak B (1991) Air pollution and daily mortality in Cracow. Public Health Reviews, 19:73–81.
    427. Kumar, N.; Chu, A.; Foster, A. (2007) An Empirical Relationship between PM2.5 and Aerosol Optical Depth in Delhi Metropolitan; Atmos. Environ., 41, 4492-4503.
    428. Kumar, N.; Chu, A.; Foster, A. (2008) Remote Sensing of Ambient Particles in Delhi and its Environs: Estimation and Validation; Int. J. Remote Sens., 29, 3383-3405.
    429. Künzli N, Kaiser R, Medina S et al. (2000) Public-health impact of outdoor and traffic-related air pollution: a European assessment. The Lancet, 356: 795–801.
    430. Künzli N, Medina S, Kaiser R et al. (2001) Assessment of deaths attributable to air pollution: should we use risk estimates based on time series or cohort studies? American Journal of Epidemiology, 153:1050–1055.
    431. Ladsta¨tter-Weißenmayer, A., et al. (2003) Transport and build-up of tropospheric trace gases during the MINOS campaign: comparison of GOME, in situ aircraft measurements and MATCH-MPIC-data. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 3, 1887–1902.
    432. Lamarque, J.-F., Gille, J.C. (2003) Improving the modeling of error variance evolution in the assimilation of chemical species: application to MOPITT data. Geophysical Research Letters 30, 1470, doi:10.1029/ 2003GL016994.
    433. Lamsal, L.N., Martin, R.V., van Donkelaar, A., Steinbacher, M., Celarier, E.A., Bucsela, E., Dunlea, E.J., Pinto, J. (2008) Ground-level nitrogen dioxide concentrations inferred from the satellite-borne Ozone Monitoring Instrument. Journal of Geophysical Research 113, D16308, doi:10.1029/ 2007JD009235.
    434. Law, K.: Atmospheric chemistry: More ozone over North America, Nature, 463, 307–308, 2010.
    435. Lee J-T, Kim H, Hong YC, Kwon HJ, Schwartz J, Christiani DC (2000) Air pollution and daily mortality in seven major cities of Korea, 1991–1997. Environmental Research, 84:247–254.
    436. Lee J-T, Shin D, Chung Y (1999) Air pollution and daily mortality in Seoul and Ulsan, Korea. Environmental Health Perspectives, 107:149–154.
    437. Lee, C., Richter, A., Lee, H., Kim, Y.J., Burrows, J.P., Lee, Y.G., Choi, B.C. (2007) Impact of transport of sulfur dioxide from the Asian continent on the air quality over Korea during May 2005. Atmospheric Environment 42, 1461–1475.
    438. Lee, C., Richter, A., Weber, M., Burrows, J.P. (2008) SO2 retrieval from SCIAMACHY using the weighting function DOAS (WFDOAS) technique: comparison with standard DOAS retrieval. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 8, 10817–10839.
    439. Lee, H. J., Liu, Y., Coull, B. A., Schwartz, J., and Koutrakis, P. (2011) A novel calibration approach of MODIS AOD data to predict PM2.5 concentrations, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 7991-8002, doi:10.5194/acp-11-7991-2011.
    440. Lee, Y.C., Hills, P.R. (2003) Cool season pollution episodes in Hong Kong, 1996–2002. Atmospheric Environment 37, 2927–2939.
    441. Leeuwen, F.X., Rolaf, V. (2002) A European perspective on hazardous air pollutants. Toxicology 181–182, 355–359.
    442. Legrand, M.; Plana-Fattori, A.; NDoume, C. (2001) Satellite Detection of Dust Using the IR Imagery of Meteosat 1. Infrared Difference Dust Index; J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 106, 18,251-18,274.
    443. Leksell I, Rabl A (2001) Air pollution and mortality: quantification and valuation of years of life lost. Risk Analysis, 21:843–857.
    444. Lenoble, J. (1993) Atmospheric Radiative Transfer; A. Deepak: Hampton, VA.
    445. Leon, J.F.; Chazette, P.; Dulac, F. (1999) Retrieval and Monitoring of Aerosol Optical Thickness over an Urban Area by Spaceborne and Ground- Based Remote Sensing; Appl. Opt., 38, 6918-6926.
    446. Leue, C., Wenig, M., Wagner, T., Klimm, O., Platt, U., Jahne, B., (2001) Quantitative analysis of NOx emissions from GOME satellite image sequences. Journal of Geophysical Research 106, 5493–5505.
    447. Levelt, P.F., van den Oord, G.H.J., Dobber, M.R., Mslkki, A., Visser, H., Vries, J., Stammes, P., Lundell, J.O.V., Saari, H. (2006) The Ozone monitoring instrument. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing. doi:10.1109/TGRS.2006.872333.
    448. Levy JI, Hammitt JK, Spengler JD (2000) Estimating the mortality impacts of particulate matter: what can be learned from between-study variability? Environmental Health Perspectives, 108:109–117.
    449. Levy, R. C., Remer, L. A., Kleidman, R. G., Mattoo, S., Ichoku, C., Kahn, R., and Eck, T. F. (2010) Global evaluation of the Collection 5 MODIS dark-target aerosol products over land, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 10399–10420, doi:10.5194/acp-10-10399-2010.
    450. Levy, R., Remer, L., Tanr´e, D., Mattoo, S., and Kaufman, Y. (2009) Algorithm for remote sensing of tropospheric aerosol over dark targets from MODIS: Collections 005 and 051: Revision 2, MODIS Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document.
    451. Levy, R.C., Remer, L.A., Mattoo, S., Vermote, E.F., Kaufman, Y.J. (2007) Second-generation operational algorithm: retrieval of aerosol properties over land from inversion of moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer spectral reflectance. Journal of Geophysical Research 112, D13211. doi:10.1029/2006JD007811.
    452. Levy, R.C.; Remer, L.A.; Dubovik, O. (2007) Global Aerosol Optical Properties and Application to Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer Aerosol Retrieval over Land; J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 112, D13210; doi: 10.1029/2006jd007815.
    453. Lewis, M. R., Kuring, N. & Yentsch, C. (1988) Global patterns of ocean transparency: implications for the new production of the open ocean. J. Geophys. Res. 93, 6847–6856.
    454. Li, C.C., Mao, J.T., Lau, A.K.H., Chen, J.C., Yuan, Z.B., Liu, X.Y., Zhu, A.H., Liu, G.Q. (2003) Characteristics of distribution and seasonal variation of aerosol optical depth in eastern China with MODIS products. Chinese Science Bulletin 48 (22), 2488–2495.
    455. Li, C.C., Mao, J.T., Lau, A.K.H., Yuan, Z.B., Wang, M.H., Liu, X.Y. (2005) Application of MODIS satellite products on the air pollution research in Beijing. Science in China Series D 48 (Suppl. II), 209–219.
    456. Lier, P., Bach, M. (2008) PARASOL a microsatellite in the A-Train for Earth atmospheric observations. Acta Astronautica 62, 257–263.
    457. Lipfert FW, Perry HM Jr, Miller JP, Baty JD, Wyzga RE, Carmody SE (2003) Air pollution, blood pressure, and their long-term associations with mortality. Inhalation Toxicology, 15:493–512.
    458. Liu, J., Drummond, J.R., Jones, D.B.A., Cao, Z., Bremer, H., Kar, J., Zou, J., Nichitiu, F., Gille, J.C. (2006a) Large horizontal gradients in atmospheric CO at the synoptic scale as seen by spaceborne measurements of pollution in the troposphere. Journal of Geophysical Research 111, D02306. doi:10.1029/2005JD006076.
    459. Liu, X., Chance, K., Sioris, C.E., Spurr, R.J.D., Kurosu, T.P., Martin, R.V., Newchurch, M.J. (2005b) Ozone profile and tropospheric ozone retrieval from global ozone monitoring experiment (GOME): algorithm description and validation. Journal of Geophysical Research 110, D20307. doi:10.1029/2005JD006240.
    460. Liu, X., et al. (2006b) First directly-retrieved global distribution of tropospheric column ozone: comparison with the GEOS-CHEM model. Journal of Geophysical Research 111, D02308. doi:10.1029/ 2005JD006564.
    461. Liu, X.; Chance, K.; Kurosu, T.P. (2007) Improved Ozone Profile Retrievals from GOME Data with Degradation Correction in Reflectance; Atmos. Phys. Chem., 7, 1575-1583.
    462. Liu, Y., Kahn, R., Koutrakis, P. (2007a) Estimating PM2.5 component concentrations and size distributions using satellite retrieved fractional aerosol optical depth: part I – method development. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association 57, 1351–1359.
    463. Liu, Y., Kahn, R., Turquety, S., Yantosca, R.M., Koutrakis, P. (2007b) Estimating PM2.5 component concentrations and size distributions using satellite retrieved fractional aerosol optical depth: part II – a case study. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association 57, 1360–1369.
    464. Liu, Y., Park, R.J., Jacob, D.J., Li, Q., Kilaru, V., Sarnat, J.A. (2004) Mapping annual mean ground-level PM2.5 concentrations using Multiangle Imaging Spectroradiometer aerosol optical thickness over the contiguous United States. Journal of Geophysical Research 109, D22206.
    465. Liu, Y., Sarnat, J.A., Coull, B.A., Koutrakis, P., Jacob, D.J. (2004b) Validation of multiangle imaging spectroradiometer (MISR) aerosol optical thickness measurements using aerosol robotic network (AERONET) observations over the contiguous United States. Journal of Geophysical Research 109, D06205. doi:10.1029/2003JD003981.
    466. Liu, Y., Sarnat, J.A., Kilaru, V., Jacob, D.J., Koutrakis, P. (2005a) Estimating ground-level PM2.5 in the eastern United States using satellite remote sensing. Environmental Science & Technology 39, 3269–3278.
    467. Liu, Y.; Franklin, M.; Kahn, R.; Koutrakis, P. (2007) Using Aerosol Optical Thickness to Predict Ground-Level PM2.5 Concentrations in the St. Louis Area: a Comparison between MISR and MODIS; Rem. Sens. Environ., 107, 33-44; doi: 10.1016/j.rse.2006.05.022.
    468. Liu, Y.; Koutrakis, P.; Kahn, R. (2007) Estimating Fine Particulate Matter Component Concentrations and Size Distributions Using Satellite- Retrieved Fractional Aerosol Optical Depth. Part 1: Method Development; J. Air & Waste Manage. Assoc., 57, 1351-1359; doi: 10.3155/1047-3289.57.11.1351.
    469. Liu, Y.; Sarnat, J.A.; Kilaru, A.; Jacob, D.J.; Koutrakis, P. (2005) Estimating Ground-Level PM2.5 in the Eastern United States Using Satellite Remote Sensing; Environ. Sci. Technol., 39, 3269-3278.
    470. Liu, Z., Vaughan, M., Winker, D., Hostetler, C.A., Poole, L.R., Hlavka, D.L., Hart, W.D., McGill, M.J. (2004c) Use of probability distribution functions for discriminating between cloud and aerosol in lidar backscatter data. Journal of Geophysical Research 109, D15202. doi:10. 1029/2004JD004732.
    471. Liu, Z.Y.; Omar, A.; Vaughan, M.; Hair, J.; Kittaka, C.; Hu, Y.X.; Powell, K.; Trepte, C.; Winker, D.; Hostetler, C.; Ferrare, R.; Pierce, R. (2008) CALIPSO Lidar Observations of the Optical Properties of Saharan Dust: a Case Study of Long-Range Transport; J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 113, D07207; doi:10.1029/2007jd008878.
    472. Loeb, N.G.; Kato, S. (2002) Top-of-Atmosphere Direct Radiative Effect of Aerosols over the Tropical Oceans from the Clouds and the Earth’s Radiant Energy System (CERES) Satellite Instrument; J. Clim., 15, 1474-1484.
    473. Loomis D, Castillejos M, Gold DR et al. (1999) Air pollution and infant mortality in Mexico City. Epidemiology, 10:118–123.
    474. Loughner, C.P., Lary, D.J., Sparling, L.C., Cohen, R.C., DeCola, P., Stockwell, W.R. (2007) A method to determine the spatial resolution required to observe air quality from space. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 45, 1308–1314.
    475. Luo, M., et al. (2007) Comparison of carbon monoxide measurements by TES and MOPITT: influence of a priori data and instrument characteristics on nadir atmospheric species retrievals. Journal of Geophysical Research 112, D09303. doi:10.1029/2006JD007663.
    476. Lyapustin, A.; Wang, Y.; Frey, R. An Automatic Cloud Mask Algorithm based on Time Series of MODIS Measurements; J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 2008, 113, D16207; doi: 10.1029/2007jd009641.
    477. Lyapustin, A.; Williams, D.L.; Markham, B.; Irons, J.; Holben, B.; Wang, Y. (2004) A Method for Unbiased High-Resolution Aerosol Retrieval from Landsat; J. Atmos. Sci., 61, 1233-1244.
    478. Lyons, W.A., Husar, R.B. (1976) SMS/GOES visible images detect a synoptic-scale air pollution episode. Monthly Weather Review 104, 1623.
    479. Lyons, W.A.; Dooley, J.C., Jr.; Whitby, K.T. (1978) Satellite Detection of Long-Range Pollution Transport and Sulfate Aerosol Hazes; Atmos. Environ., 12, 621-631.
    480. Maddy, E.S.; Barnet, C.D.; Goldberg, M.; Sweeney, C.; Liu, X. (2008) CO2 Retrievals from the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder: Methodology and Validation; J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 113, D11301; doi: 10.1029/2007jd009402.
    481. Mahmud M , and Iza H. Ab. L.: Pencemaran udara di Bukit Rambai, Melaka sewaktu peristiwa jerebu tahun 2005 (Air pollution at Bukit Rambai, Melaka during the haze episode of 2005). Geografia : Malaysian Journal of Society and Space, 6 (3). pp. 30-39. ISSN 2180-2491, 2010.
    482. Malm, W.C. (1992) Characteristics and Origins of Haze in the Continental United States; Earth Sci. Rev., 33, 1-36.
    483. Malm, W.C.; Molenar, J.V.; Eldred, R.A.; Sisler, J.F. (1996) Examining the Relationship among Atmospheric Aerosols and Light Scattering and Extinction in the Grand Canyon Area; J. Geophys. Res., 101, 19,251-19,265.
    484. Mann, K. H. & Lazier, J. R. N. Dynamics of Marine Ecosystems (Blackwell, 1991).
    485. Marini, A.E. (1998) ATLID: the Technology Development Programme for ESA’s Satellite-Borne Atmospheric Lidar; ESA Bull. Eur. Space Agency, 95, 113-118.
    486. Marshak, A., Wen, G., Coakley, J.A., Remer, L.A., Loeb, N.G., Cahalan, R.F.  (2008) A simple model for the cloud adjacency effect and the apparent bluing of aerosols near clouds. Journal of Geophysical Research- Atmospheres 113.
    487. Martin, R.V. (2008) Satellite Remote Sensing of Surface Air Quality; Atmos. Environ., 42, 7823-7843.
    488. Martin, R.V., et al. (2002) An improved retrieval of tropospheric nitrogen dioxide from GOME. Journal of Geophysical Research 107, 4437. doi: 10.1029/2001JD001027.
    489. Martin, R.V., et al. (2004b) Evaluation of GOME satellite measurements of tropospheric NO2 and HCHO using regional data from aircraft campaigns in the southeastern United States. Journal of Geophysical Research 109, D24307. doi:10.1029/2004JD004869.
    490. Martin, R.V., et al. (2006) Evaluation of space-based constraints on nitrogen oxide emissions with regional aircraft measurements over and downwind of eastern North America. Journal of Geophysical Research, D15308. doi:10.1029/2005JD006680.
    491. Martin, R.V., Fiore, A.M., van Donkelaar, A. (2004a) Space-based diagnosis of surface ozone sensitivity to anthropogenic emissions. Geophysical Research Letters 31, L06120. doi:10.1029/2004GL019416.
    492. Martin, R.V., Jacob, D.J., Chance, K., Kurosu, T.P., Palmer, P.I., Evans, M.J. (2003) Global inventory of nitrogen oxide emissions constrained by space-based observations of NO2 columns. Journal of Geophysical Research 108, 4537. doi:10.1029/2003JD003453.
    493. Martinez, E., Antoine, D., D’Ortenzio, F. & Gentili, B. (2009) Climate-driven basin-scale decadal oscillations of oceanic phytoplankton. Science 326, 1253–1256.
    494. Martonchik, J.V. (1997) Determination of aerosol optical depth and land surface directional reflectances using multiangle imagery. Journal of Geophysical Research 102, 17015–17022.
    495. Martonchik, J.V., Diner, D.J., Crean, K.A., Bull, M.A. (2002) Regional aerosol retrieval results from MISR. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 40, 1520–1531.
    496. Martonchik, J.V., Diner, D.J., Kahn, R., Verstraete, M.M., Pinty, B., Gordon, H.R., Ackerman, T.P., (1998) Techniques for the retrieval of aerosol properties over land and ocean using multiangle data. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 36, 1212–1227.
    497. Martonchik, J.V., Diner, D.J., Kahn, R.A., Gaitley, B.J., Holben, B.N. (2004) Comparison of MISR and AERONET aerosol optical depths over desert sites. Geophysical Research Letters 31, L16102, doi:10.1029/ 2004GL019807.
    498. Mathur, R. (2008) Estimating the Impact of the 2004 Alaskan Forest Fires on Episodic Particulate Matter Pollution over the Eastern United States through Assimilation of Satellite-Derived Aerosol Optical Depths in a Regional Air Quality Model; J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 113, D17302; doi: 10.1029/2007jd009767.
    499. Mathur, R.; Yu, S.; Kang, D.; Schere, K.L. (2008) Assessment of the Wintertime Performance of Developmental Particulate Matter Forecasts with the Eta-Community Multiscale Air Quality Modeling System; J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 113, D02303; doi: 10.1029/2007jd008580.
    500. Matsui, T., Kreidenweis, S.M., Pielke Sr., R.A., Schichtel, B., Yu, H., Chin, M., Chu, D.A., Niyogi, D. (2004) Regional comparison and assimilation of GOCART and MODIS aerosol optical depth across the eastern U.S. Geophysical Research Letters 31, L21101. doi:10.1029/2004GL021017.
    501. Mattis, I.; Ansmann, A.; Muller, D.; Wandinger, U.; Althausen, D. (2004) Multiyear Aerosol Observations with Dual-Wavelength Raman Lidar in the Framework of EARLINET; J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 109, D13203; doi: 10.1029/2004jd004600.
    502. Mattis, I.; Muller, D.; Ansmann, A.; Wandinger, U.; Preissler, J.; Seifert, P.; Tesche, M. (2008) Ten Years of Multiwavelength Raman Lidar Observations of Free Tropospheric Aerosol Layers over Central Europe: Geometrical Properties and Annual Cycle; J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 113, D20202; doi: 10.1029/2007jd009636.
    503. Mazzoni, D., Logan, J., Diner, D., Kahn, R., Tong, L., Li, Q. (2007) A datamining approach to cataloging smoke plumes from MISR and MODIS data. Remote Sensing of Environment 107, 138–158.
    504. McClain, C. R. (2009) A decade of satellite ocean color observations. Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci. 1, 19–42.
    505. McDonnell WF, Nishino-Ishikawa N, Petersen FF, Chen LH, Abbey DE (2000) Relationships of mortality with the fine and coarse fractions of long-term ambient PM10 concentrations in nonsmokers. Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology, 10:427–436. 1428 Comparative Quantification of Health Risks
    506. McGill, M.J., Vaughan, M.A., Trepte, C.R., Hart, W.D., Hlavka, D.L., Winker, D.M., Kuehn, R., (2007) Airborne validation of spatial properties measured by the CALIPSO lidar. Journal of Geophysical Research- Atmospheres, 112.
    507. McKeen, S.; Chung, S.H.; Wilczak, J.; Grell, G.; Djalalova, I.; Peckham, S.; Gong, W.; Bouchet, V.; Moffet, R.; Tang, Y.; Carmichael, G.R.; Mathur, R.; Yu, S. (2007) Evaluation of Several PM2.5 Forecast Models Using Data Collected during the ICARTT/NEAQS 2004 Field Study; J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 112, D10s20; doi: 10.1029/2006jd007608.
    508. McMichael AJ, Anderson HR, Brunekreef B, Cohen AJ (1998) Inappropriate use of daily mortality analyses to estimate longer-term mortality effects of air pollution. International Journal of Epidemiology, 27:450–453.
    509. McMillan, W.W.; Warner, J.X.; Comer, M.M.; Maddy, E.; Chu, A.; Sparling, L.; Eloranta, E.; Hoff, R.; Sachse, G.; Barnet, C.; Razenkov, I.; Wolf, W. (2008) AIRS Views Transport from 12 to 22 July 2004 Alaskan/Canadian Fires: Correlation of AIRS CO and MODIS AOD with Forward Trajectories and Comparison of AIRS CO Retrievals with DC-8 In Situ Measurements during INTEX-A/ICARTT; J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 113, D20301; doi: 10.1029/2007jd009711.
    510. McMillan,W.W., Barnet, C., Strow, L., Chahine, M., McCourt, M., Novelli, P., Korontzi, S., Maddy, E., Datta, S. (2005) Daily global maps of carbon monoxide: first views from NASA’s atmospheric infrared sounder. Geophysical Research Letters 32, L11801, doi:10.1029/2004GL012821.
    511. Mekler, Y., Quenzel, H., Ohring, G., Marcus, I. (1977) Relative atmospheric aerosol content from ERTS observations. Journal of Geophysical Research 82, 967–970.
    512. Menzel, W.P., Purdom, J.F.W. (1994) Introducing GOES-I: the first of a new generation of geostationary operational environmental satellites. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 75, 757–781.
    513. Millet, D.B., et al. (2006) Formaldehyde distribution over North America: implications for satellite retrievals of formaldehyde columns and isoprene emission. Journal of Geophysical Research 111, D24S02, doi: 10.1029/2005JD006853.
    514. Millet, D.B., Jacob, D.J., Fu, T.-M., Kurosu, T.P., Chance, K., Heald, C.L., Guenther, A. (2008) Spatial distribution of isoprene emissions from North America derived from formaldehyde column measurements by the OMI satellite sensor. Journal of Geophysical Research 113, D02307, doi:10.1029/2007JD008950.
    515. Millet, D.B.; Jacob, D.J.; Boersma, K.F.; Fu, T.M.; Kurosu, T.P.; Chance, K.; Heald, C.L.; Guenther, A. Spatial (2008) Distribution of Isoprene Emissions from North America Derived from Formaldehyde Column Measurements by the OMI Satellite Sensor; J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 113, D02307; doi: 10.1029/2007jd008950.
    516. Mishchenko, M. I.; Cairns, B.; Kopp, G.; Schueler, C.F.; Fafaul, B.A.; Hansen, J.E.; Hooker, R. J.; Itchkawich, T.; Maring, H.B.; Travis, L.D. (2007) Accurate Monitoring of Terrestrial Aerosols and Total Solar Irradiance— Introducing the Glory Mission; Bull. Am. Meteor. Soc. 88, 677-691.
    517. MODIS Active Fire Maps; U.S. Department of Agriculture; available at http://activefiremaps.fs.fed.us/ (accessed January 30, 2009).
    518. Montes-Hugo, M. et al. (2009) Recent changes in phytoplankton communities associated with rapid regional climate change along the western Antarctic peninsula. Science 323, 1470–1473.
    519. Morgan MG, Henrion M (1998) Uncertainty: a guide to dealing with uncertainty in quantitative risk and policy analysis. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
    520. Moroney, C., Davies, R., Muller, J.-P. (2002) MISR stereoscopic image matchers: techniques and results. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 40, 1547–1559.
    521. Morris, G.A., et al. (2006) Alaskan and Canadian forest fires exacerbate ozone pollution over Houston, Texas, on 19 and 20 July 2004. Journal of Geophysical Research 111, D24S03. doi:10.1029/2006JD007090.
    522. Mu¨ ller, J.-F., Stavrakou, T. (2005) Inversion of CO and NOx emissions using the adjoint of the IMAGES model. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 5, 1157–1186.
    523. Munro, R., Siddans, R., Reburn, W.J., Kerridge, B.J. (1998) Direct measurement of tropospheric ozone distributions from space. Nature 392, 168–171.
    524. Murtugudde, I., Beauchamp, R. J., McClain, C. R., Lewis, M. R. & Busalacchi, A. (2002) Effects of penetrative radiation on the upper tropical ocean circulation. J. Clim. 15, 470–486.
    525. Myhre, G.; Berglen, T.F.; Johnsrud, M.; Hoyle, C.R.; Berntsen, T.K.; Christopher, S.A.; Fahey, D.W.; Isaksen, I.S.A.; Jones, T.A.; Kahn, R.A.; Loeb, N.; Quinn, P.; Remer, L.; Schwarz, J.P.; Yttri, K.E. (2009) Radiative Forcing of the Direct Aerosol Effect Using a Multi-Observation Approach; Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 1365-1392.
    526. Myhre, G.; Stordal, F.; Johnsrud, M.; Ignatov, A.; Mischenko, M.I.; Geogdzhayev, I.V.; Tanre, D.; Deuze, J.L.; Goloub, P.; Nakajima, T.; Higurashi, A.; Torres, O.; Holben, B. (2004) Intercomparison of Satellite Retrieved Aerosol Optical Depth over the Ocean; J. Atmos. Sci., 61, 499-513.
    527. Nakata, J.K.; Wilshire, H.G.; Barnes, C.G. (1976) Origin of Mojave Desert Dust Plumes Photographed from Space; Geology, 4, 644-648.
    528. Napelenok, S.L., Pinder, R.W., Gilliland, A.B., Martin, R.V. (2008) A method for evaluating spatially-resolved NOx emissions using Kalman filter inversion, direct sensitivities, and space-based NO2 observations. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 8, 6469–6499.
    529. National EPA of China (2000) Environmental statistical yearbook. China Environmental Publishing House, Beijing.
    530. National Research Council (2002) Estimating the public health benefits of proposed air pollution regulations. National Academies Press, Washington, DC.
    531. National Research Council (2007) Earth Science and Applications from Space: National Imperatives for the Next Decade and Beyond. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C.
    532. Navidi W, Lurmann F (1995) Measurement error in air pollution exposure assessment. Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology, 5:111–124.
    533. New M, Hulme M, Jones P (1999) Representing twentieth-century space-time climate variability. Part I. Development of a 1961–90 mean monthly terrestrial climatology, Journal of Climate, 12:829–856.
    534. New Satellite Data Reveal Impact of Olympic Pollution Controls; National Aeronautics and Space Administration; available at http://www.nasa.gov/topics/earth/features/Olympic_pollution.html (accessed January 31, 2009).
    535. Newchurch, M.A.B.; Khan, M.S.; Koshak, B.; Nair, U.S.; Fuller, K.; Wang, L.; Park, Y.; Williams, R.; Christopher, S.; Kim, J.; Liu, X.; Byun, D.; Pierce, B.; Chance, K.; Kurosu, T.P.; McMillan, W.W. (2008) Improvements in Air-Quality Forecasts from Satellite Observations. Presented at the Community Modeling and Analysis Conference, Chapel Hill, NC.
    536. Newchurch, M.J., Liu, X., Kim, J.H., Bhartia, P.K. (2001) On the accuracy of TOMS retrievals over cloudy regions. Journal of Geophysical Research 106, 32315–32328.
    537. NOAA Hazard Mapping System; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; available at http://www.osdpd.noaa.gov/ml/land/hms.html (accessed January 30, 2009).
    538. Noel, S.; Bovensmann, H.; Burrows, J.P.; Frerick, J.; Chance, K.V.; Goede, A.H.P. (1999) Global Atmospheric Monitoring with SCIAMACHY; Phys. Chem. Earth C Solar-Terr. Planet. Sci., 24, 427-434.
    539. NSSDC Master Catalog Search; National Space Science Data Center; available at http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftSearch.doc (accessed January 31, 2009).
    540. Nyberg F, Gustavsson P, Jarup L et al. (2000) Urban air pollution and lung cancer in Stockholm. Epidemiology, 11:487–495.
    541. O’Neill M, Jerrett M, Kawachi I et al. (2003) Health, wealth and air pollution. Environmental Health Perspectives, 111:1861–1870.
    542. Ordonez, C., Richter, A., Steinbacher, M., Zellweger, C., Nuß, H., Burrows, J. P., Prevot, A.S.H. (2006) Comparison of 7 years of satellite-borne and ground-based tropospheric NO2 measurements around Milan, Italy. Journal of Geophysical Research 111, D05310. doi:10.1029/ 2005JD006305.
    543. Osborn, M.T.; Kent, G.S.; Trepte, C.R. (1998) Stratospheric Aerosol Measurements by the Lidar in Space Technology Experiment; J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 103, 11447-11453.
    544. Ostro B, Chestnut L (1998) Assessing the health benefits of reducing particulate matter air pollution in the United States. Environmental Research, 76:94–106.
    545. Ostro B, Chestnut L, Vichit-Vadakan N, Laixuthai A (1999a). The impact of particulate matter on daily mortality in Bangkok, Thailand. Journal of the Air and Waste Management Association 49:100–107.
    546. Ostro B, Hurley S, Lipsett MJ (1999b) Air pollution and daily mortality in the Coachella Valley, California: a study of PM10 in an area dominated by coarse particles. Environmental Research, 81:231–238.
    547. Ostro BD, Sanchez JM, Aranda C, Eskeland GS (1996) Air pollution and mortality: results from a study of Santiago, Chile. Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology, 6:97–114.
    548. Overview of the “Ibuki” (GOSAT); Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency; available at http://www.jaxa.jp/countdown/f15/overview/ibuki_e.html (accessed January 31, 2009).
    549. Ozkaynak H (1999) Exposure assessment. In: Air pollution and health. Holgate ST, Samet JM, Koren HS, Maynard R, eds. Academic Press, London. Pandey KD, Wheeler D, Ostro B, Deichmann U, Hamilton K, Bolt K (forthcoming) Ambient particulate matter concentrations in residential areas of world cities: new estimates based on global model of ambient particulates (GMAPS). The Development Research Group and the Environment Department, World Bank, Washington, DC.
    550. P. Gupta and S. A. Christopher  (2008) An evalutation of Terra-MODIS sampling for monthly and annual particulate matter air quality assessment over the Southeastern United Sates,  Atmos. Environ.,  vol. 42,  pp. 6465.
    551. Paciorek, C.J.; Liu, Y.; Moreno-Macias, H.; Kondragunta, S. (2008) Spatiotemporal Associations between GOES Aerosol Optical Depth Retrievals and Ground-Level PM2.5; Environ. Sci. Technol., 42, 5800-5806.
    552. Page, S. E., Siegert, F., Rieley, J. O., Boehm, H.-D. V., Jaya, A., and Limin, S.: (2002) The amount of carbon release from peat and forest fires in Indonesia during 1997, Nature, 420, 61–65.
    553. Palmer, P.I. (2008) Quantifying sources and sinks of trace gases using spaceborne measurements: current and future science. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A, 366, 4509-4528, doi: 10.1098/rsta.2008.0176.
    554. Palmer, P.I., et al. (2001) Air mass factor formulation for spectroscopic measurements from satellites: application to formaldehyde retrievals from the global ozone monitoring experiment. Journal of Geophysical Research 106, 14539–14550.
    555. Palmer, P.I., et al. (2006) Quantifying the seasonal and interannual variability of North American isoprene emissions using satellite observations of formaldehyde column. Journal of Geophysical Research 111, D12315. doi:10.1029/2005JD006689.
    556. Palmer, P.I., Jacob, D.J., Fiore, A.M., Martin, R.V., Chance, K., Kurosu, T.P. (2003) Mapping isoprene emissions over North America using formaldehyde column observations from space. Journal of Geophysical Research 108, 4180. doi:10.1029/2002JD002153.
    557. Pan, L., Edwards, D.P., Gille, J.C., Smith, M.W., Drummond, J.R. (1995) Satellite remote sensing of tropospheric CO and CH4: forward model studies of the MOPITT instrument. Applied Optics 34, 6976–6988.
    558. Papayannis, A.; Amiridis, V.; Mona, L.; Tsaknakis, G.; Balis, D.; Bosenberg, J.; Chaikovski, A.; De Tomasi, F.; Grigorov, I.; Mattis, I.; Mitev, V.; Muller, D.; Nickovic, S.; Perez, C.; Pietruczuk, A.; Pisani, G.; Ravetta, F.; Rizi, V.; Sicard, M.; Trickl, T.; Wiegner, M.; Gerding, M.; Mamouri, R.E.; D’Amico, G.; Pappalardo, G. (2008) Systematic Lidar Observations of Saharan Dust over Europe in the Frame of EARLINET (2000–2002); J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 113, D10204; doi: 10.1029/2007jd009028.
    559. Pauly, D.&Christensen, V. (1995) Primary production required to sustain global fisheries. Nature 374, 255–257.
    560. Paytan, A. et al. (2009)Toxicity of atmospheric aerosols on marine phytoplankton. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 10, 4601–4605.
    561. Pe´ tron, G., Granier, C., Khattotov, B., Yudin, V., Lamarque, J.-F., Emmons, L., Gille, J., Edwards, D.P. (2004) Monthly CO surface sources inventory based on the 2000–2001 MOPITT satellite data. Geophysical Research Letters 31, L21107, doi:10.1029/2004GL020560.
    562. Pelletier, B., Santer, R., Vidot, J. (2007) Retrieving of particulate matter from optical measurements: a semiparametric approach. Journal of Geophysical Research 112, D06208, doi:10.1029/2005JD006737.
    563. Pequignot, E.; Chedin, A.; Scott, N.A. (2008) Infrared Continental Surface Emissivity Spectra Retrieved from AIRS Hyperspectral Sensor; J. Appl. Meteor. Clim., 47, 1619-1633.
    564. Pere, J.-C. Pont V., Mallet M., Bessagnet B., (2009) Mapping of PM10 surface concentrations derived from satellite observations of aerosol optical thickness over South-Eastern France, Atmospheric Research, Volume 91, Issue 1, January 2009, Pages 1-8, ISSN 0169-8095.
    565. Pereira LA, Loomis D, Conceicao GM et al. (1998) Association between air pollution and intrauterine mortality in São Paulo, Brazil. Environmental Health Perspectives, 106:325–329.
    566. Peters A, Dockery DW, Muller JE, Mittleman MA (2001) Increased particulate air pollution and the triggering of myocardial infarction. Circulation, 103: 2810–2815.
    567. Petritoli, A., et al. (2004) First comparison between ground-based and satellite-borne measurements of tropospheric nitrogen dioxide in the Po basin. Journal of Geophysical Research 109, D15307. doi:10.1029/ 2004JD004547.
    568. Pfister, G., et al. (2006) Ozone production from the 2004 North American boreal fires. Journal of Geophysical Research 111, D24S07. doi:10.1029/ 2006JD007695.
    569. Pfister, G., Hess, P.G., Emmons, L.K., Lamarque, J.-F., Wiedinmyer, C., Edwards, D.P., Pe´ tron, G., Gille, J.C., Sachse, G.W. (2005) Quantifying CO emissions from the 2004 Alaskan wildfires using MOPITT CO data. Geophysical Research Letters 32, L11809, doi:10.1029/ 2005GL022995.
    570. Pierce, R.B., et al. (2007) Chemical data assimilation estimates of continental US ozone and nitrogen budgets during INTEX-A. Journal of Geophysical Research 112, D12S21. doi:10.1029/2006JD007722.
    571. Platt, U., (1994) Differential optical absorption spectroscopy (DOAS). In: Siegrist, M. (Ed.), Air Monitoring by Spectroscopic Techniques. John Wiley and Sons, pp. 27–84.
    572. Polovina, J. J., Howell, E. A. & Abecassis, M. (2008) Ocean’s least productive waters are expanding. Geophys. Res. Lett. 35, L03618, doi:10.1029/2007GL031745.
    573. Pope CA III (1989) Respiratory disease associated with community air pollution and a steel mill, Utah Valley. American Journal of Public Health, 79:623–628.
    574. Pope CA III, Burnett RT, Thun MJ et al. (2002) Lung cancer, cardiopulmonary mortality, and long-term exposure to fine particulate air pollution. Journal of the American Medical Association, 287:1132–1141.
    575. Pope CA III, Dockery DW (1999) Epidemiology of particle effects. In: Air pollution and health. Holgate ST, Samet JM, Koren HS, Maynard R, eds. Academic Press, London.
    576. Pope CA III, Thun MJ, Namboodiri MM et al. (1995) Particulate air pollution as a predictor of mortality in a prospective study of US adults. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 151:669–674.
    577. Prados, A.I., Kondragunta, S., Ciren, P., Knapp, K.R. (2007) GOES aerosol/ smoke product (GASP) over North America: comparisons to AERONET and MODIS observations. Journal of Geophysical Research 112, D15201. doi:10.1029/2006JD007968.
    578. Prados, A.I.; Huff, A. (2009) Air Quality Forecasting and Mapping (Optional Training Session). Presented at the National Air Quality Conference; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency/National Association of Clean Air Agencies: Dallas, TX.
    579. Prados, A.I.; Kondragunta, S.; Ciren, P.; Knapp, K.R. (2007) GOES Aerosol/ Smoke Product (GASP) over North America: Comparisons to AERONET and MODIS Observations; J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 112, D15201; doi: 10.1029/2006jd007968.
    580. Prata, A.J., Bernardo, C. (2007) Retrieval of volcanic SO2 column abundance from atmospheric infrared sounder data. Journal of Geophysical Research 112, D20204. doi:10.1029/2006JD007955.
    581. Prins, E.M., Feltz, J.M., Menzel, W.P., Ward, D.E. (1998) An overview of GOES-8 diurnal fire and smoke results for SCAR-B and the 1995 fire season in South America. Journal of Geophysical Research 103, 31821– 31835.
    582. Qian Z, Chapman RS, Tian Q, Chen Y, Lioy PJ, Zhang J (2000) Effects of air pollution on children’s respiratory health in three Chinese cities. Archives of Environmental Health, 55:126–133.
    583. Qian Z, Zhang J, Wei F, Wilson WE, Chapman RS (2001) Long term ambient air pollution levels in four Chinese cities: inter-city and intra-city concentration gradients for epidemiological studies. Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology, 11:341–351.
    584. R. C. Levy , G. Leptoukh , R. Kahn , V. Zubko , A. Gopalan and L. A. Remer  (2009) A critical look at deriving monthly aerosol optical depth from satellite data,  IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens.,  vol. 47,  pp. 2942.
    585. Raitsos, D. E., Reid, P. C., Lavender, S. J., Edwards, M. & Richardson, A. J. (2005) Extending the SeaWiFS chlorophyll data set back 50 years in the northeast Atlantic. Geophys. Res. Lett. 32, 1–4.
    586. Reddy KS, Yusuf S (1998) Emerging epidemic of cardiovascular disease in developing countries. Circulation, 97:596–601.
    587. Redemann, J.; Vaughan, M.A.; Zhang, Q.; Russell, P.B.; Livingston, J.M.; Remer, L.A.; Christopher, S.A. (2008) Comparisons of MODIS and CALIPSO Level 2 Aerosol Products and their Combined Use for Calculating Direct Aerosol Radiative Effects. In Proceedings of the Fall Meeting of the American Geophysical Union (AGU); AGU: Washington, DC,; Vol. 89, Abstract No. A21G-05.
    588. Reichle, H.G., Conners, V.E., Holland, J.A., Sherril, R.T.,Wallio, H.A., Casas, J. C., Condon, E.P., Gormsen, B.B., Seiler, W. (1990) The distribution of middle tropospheric carbon monoxide during early 1984. Journal of Geophysical Research 95, 9845–9856.
    589. Reichle, H.G., Connors, V.S., Holland, J.A., Hypes, W.D., Wallio, H.A., Casas, J.C., Gormsen, B.B., Saylor, M.S., Hesketh, W.D. (1986) Middle and upper tropospheric carbon monoxide mixing ratios as measured by a satellite-borne remote sensor during November 1981. Journal of Geophysical Research 91, 10865–10877.
    590. Reichle, H.G., et al. (1999) Space shuttle based global CO measurements during April and October 1994, MAPS instrument, data reduction, and data validation. Journal of Geophysical Research 104, 21443–21454.
    591. Reid, J.S.; Prins, E.M.; Westphal, D.L.; Schmidt, C.C.; Richardson, K.A.; Christopher, S.A.; Eck, T.F.; Reid, E.A., Curtis, C.A.; Hoffman, J.P. (2004) Real-Time Monitoring of South American Smoke Particle Emissions and Transport Using a Coupled Remote Sensing/Box-Model Approach; Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L06107; doi: 10.1029 2003gl018845.
    592. Remer, L. Remote Sensing: Introduction and History; National Aeronautics and Space Administration; Earth Observatory; available at http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/RemoteSensing/remote.php (accessed January 31, 2009).
    593. Remer, L.A., et al. (2005) The MODIS aerosol algorithm, products, and validation. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 62, 947–973.
    594. Remer, L.A., Kaufman, Y.J., Tanre´ , D., Mattoo, S., Chu, D.A., Martins, J.V., Li, R-R., Ichoku, C., Levy, R.C., Kleidman, R.G., Eck, T.F., Vermote, E., Holben, B.N. (2005) The MODIS Aerosol Algorithm, Products and Validation. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 62, 947–973.
    595. Remer, L.A.; Kaufman, Y.J.; Kleidman, R.G. (2006) Comparison of Three Years of Terra and Aqua MODIS Aerosol Optical Thickness over the Global Oceans; IGRS Lett., 3, 537-540.
    596. Remer, L.A.; Tanre, D.; Kaufman, Y.J.; Ichoku, C.; Mattoo, S.; Levy, R.; Chu, D.A.; Holben, B.; Dubovik, O.; Smirnov, A.; Martins, J.V.; Li, R.R.; Ahmad, Z. (2002) Validation of MODIS Aerosol Retrieval over Ocean; Geophys. Res. Lett., 29, 1618; doi: 10.1029/2001gl013204.
    597. Remer, L.A.; Tanre´, D.; Kaufman, Y.J. (2009) Algorithm for Remote Sensing of Tropospheric Aerosol from MODIS: Collection 005; National Aeronautics and Space Administration; Goddard Space Flight Center: Greenbelt, MD.
    598. Richardson, A. J.&Schoeman, D. S. (2004) Climate impact on plankton ecosystems in the Northeast Atlantic. Science 305, 1609–1612.
    599. Richter, A., Burrows, J.P. (2002) Tropospheric NO2 from GOME measurements. Advances in Space Research 29, 1673–1683.
    600. Richter, A., Burrows, J.P., Nuss, H., Granier, C., Niemeier, U. (2005) Significant increase in tropospheric nitrogen dioxide over China observed from space. Nature 437, 129–132. doi:10.1038/nature04092.
    601. Rinsland, C.P., et al. (2006) Nadir measurements of carbon monoxide distributions by the tropospheric emission spectrometer instrument onboard the Aura spacecraft: overview of analysis approach and examples of initial results. Geophysical Research Letters 33, L22806. doi:10.1029/2006GL027000.
    602. Risk and Exposure Assessment to Support the Review of the NO2 Primary National Ambient Air Quality Standard; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency: Research Triangle Park, NC, 2008.
    603. Rodgers, C.D. (2000) Inverse Methods for Atmospheric Sounding: Theory and Practice. World Scientific, Hackensack, N.J.
    604. Roemer W, Clench-Aas J, Englert N et al. (1999) Inhomogeneity in response to air pollution in European children (PEACE project). Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 56:86–92.
    605. Roemmich, D. & McGowan, J. (1995) Climatic warming and the decline of zooplankton in the California current. Science 267, 1324–1326.
    606. Rolland, P., Liou, K.N. King, M.D., Tsay, S.C.; McFarquhar, G.M. (2000) Remote Sensing of Optical and Microphysical Properties of Cirrus Clouds Using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer Channels: Methodology and Sensitivity to Physical Assumptions; J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 105, 11,721-11,738.
    607. Romieu I, Samet JM, Smith KR, Bruce N (2002) Outdoor air pollution and acute respiratory infections among children in developing countries. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 44:640–649.
    608. Rossow, W.B.; Duenas, E.N. (2004) The International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP) Website—an Online Resource for Research; Bull. Am. Meteor. Soc., 85, 167-172.
    609. Rossow, W.B.; Schiffer, R.A. (1999) Advances in Understanding Clouds from ISCCP; Bull. Am. Meteor. Soc., 80, 2261-2287.
    610. Russell, P.B.; McCormick, M.P.; Swissler, T.J.; Chu, W.P.; Livingston, J.M.; Fuller, W.H.; Rosen, J.M.; Hofmann, D.J.; McMaster, L.R.; Woods, D.C.; Pepin, T.J. (1981) Satellite and Correlative Measurements of the Stratospheric Aerosol. II: Comparison of Measurements Made by SAM II, Dustsondes and an Airborne Lidar; J. Atmos. Sci., 38, 1295-1312.
    611. Ryther, J. H. & Yentsch, C. S. The estimation of phytoplankton production in the ocean from chlorophyll and light data. Limnol. Oceanogr. 2, 281–286 (1957).
    612. Sabine, C. L. et al. (2004) The oceanic sink for anthropogenic CO2. Science 305, 367–371.
    613. Saldiva PH, Pope CA, III, Schwartz J et al. (1995) Air pollution and mortality in elderly people: a time-series study in São Paulo, Brazil. Archives of Environmental Health, 50:159–163.
    614. Saldiva PHN, Lichtenfels AJFC, Paiva PSO et al. (1994) Association between air pollution and mortality due to respiratory diseases in children in São Paulo, Brazil: a preliminary report. Environmental Research, 65:218–225.
    615. Samet JM (1999) Air pollution and risk assessment. In: Air pollution and health. Holgate ST, Samet JM, Koren HS, Maynard R, eds. Academic Press, London.
    616. Samet JM, Cohen AJ (1999) Air pollution and lung cancer. In: Air pollution and health. Holgate ST, Samet JM, Koren HS, Maynard R, eds. Academic Press, London.
    617. Sandu, A., Daescu, D., Carmichael, G.R., Chai, T. (2005) Adjoint sensitivity analysis of regional air quality models. Journal of Computational Physics 204, 222–252.
    618. Sanhueza P, Vargas C, Jimenez J (1999) Daily mortality in Santiago and its relationship with air pollution. Revista Medica de Chile, 127:235–242.
    619. Sano, I. (2004) Optical Thickness and Angstrom Exponent of Aerosols over the Land and Ocean from Space-Borne Polarimetric Data; Adv. Space Res., 34, 833-837.
    620. Sano, I.; Mukai, S.; Yamano, M.; Takamura, T.; Nakajima, T.; Holben, B. (2003) Calibration and Validation of Retrieved Aerosol Properties based on AERONET and SKYNET; Adv. Space Res., 32, 2159-2164.
    621. Santer, R., Carrere, V., Dubuisson, P., Roger, J.C. (1999) Atmospheric corrections over land for MERIS. International Journal of Remote Sensing 20, 1819–1840.
    622. Sarnat JA, Schwartz J, Catalano PJ, Suh HH (2001) Gaseous pollutants in particulate matter epidemiology: confounders or surrogates? Environmental Health Perspectives, 109:1053–1061.
    623. Schaap, M.; Apituley, A.; Timmermans, R.M.A.; Koelemeijer, R.B.A.; de Leeuw, G. (2009) Exploring the Relation between Aerosol Optical Depth and PM2.5 at Cabauw, the Netherlands; Atmos. Chem. Phys. 9, 909-925.
    624. Schmidt, C. Biomass Burning; Cooperative Institute for Meteorological Satellite Studies Space Science and Engineering Center; University of Wisconsin–Madison; available at http://cimss.ssec.wisc.edu/goes/burn/abba.html (accessed January 30, 2009).
    625. Schmidt, H., Martin, D. (2003) Adjoint Sensitivity of Episodic Ozone in the Paris Area to Emissions on the Continental Scale; J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 108, 8561; doi: 10.1029/2001jd001583.
    626. Schmit, T.J.; Li, J.; Gurka, J.J.; Goldberg, M.D.; Schrab, K.J.; Li, J.L.; Feltz, W.F. (2008) The GOES-R Advanced Baseline Imager and the Continuation of Current Sounder Products; J. Appl. Meteor. Clim., 47, 2696-2711.
    627. Schoeberl, M.R., et al. (2007) A trajectory-based estimate of the tropospheric ozone column using the residual method. Journal of Geophysical Research 112, D24S49. doi:10.1029/2007JD008773.
    628. Schutz, B.E., Zwally, H.J., Shuman, C.A., Hancock, D., DiMarzio, J.P. (2005) Overview of the ICESat mission. Geophysical Research Letters 32, L21S01. doi:10.1029/2005GL024009.
    629. Schwartz J (2000) Harvesting and long-term exposure effects in the relation between air pollution and mortality. American Journal of Epidemiology, 151:440–448.
    630. Schwartz J, Laden F, Zanobetti A (2002) The concentration-response relation between PM(2.5) and daily deaths. Environmental Health Perspectives, 110:1025–1029.
    631. Schwartz, J., Dockery, D. W., and Neas, L. M. (1996) Is daily mortality associated specifically with fine particles?, J. Air Waste Manag. Assoc., 46, 927–939.
    632. See, Seng Tan and Chew, Alvin (2008) Governing Singapore’s Security Sector: Problems, Prospects and Paradox, Contemporary Southeast Asia: A Journal of International and Strategic Affairs – Volume 30, Number 2, August 2008, pp. 241-263
    633. Seemann, S.W.; Borbas, E.E.; Knuteson, R.O.; Stephenson, G.R.; Huang, H. L. (2008) Development of a Global Infrared Land Surface Emissivity Database for Application to Clear Sky Sounding Retrievals from Multispectral Satellite Radiance Measurements; J. Appl. Meteor. Clim., 47, 108-123.
    634. Shaw, G.E. (1983) Sun Photometry; Bull. Am. Meteor. Soc., 64, 4-10.
    635. Short, N. Remote Sensing Tutorial; National Aeronautics and Space Administration; available at http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/ (accessed January 31, 2009).
    636. Sillman, S., (1999) The relation between ozone, NOx, and hydrocarbons in urban and polluted rural environments. Atmospheric Environment 33, 1821–1845.
    637. Simpson R, Denison L, Petroeschevsky A, Thalib L, Williams G (2000) Effects of ambient particle pollution on daily mortality in Melbourne, 1991–1996. Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology, 10:488–496.
    638. Sister, J.F.; Malm, W.C. (2000) Interpretation of Trends of PM2.5 and Reconstructed Visibility from the IMPROVE Network; J. Air & Waste Manage. Assoc., 50, 775-789.
    639. Slama, R., Morgenstern, V., Cyrys, J., Zutavern, A., Herbarth, O., Wichmann, H. E., and Heinrich, J. (2007) Traffic-related atmospheric pollutants levels during pregnancy and offspring’s term birth weight: A study relying on a land-use regression exposure model, Environ. Health Persp., 115, 1283–1292.
    640. Smith KR, Mehta S (2003) The burden of disease from indoor air pollution in developing countries: comparison of estimates. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, 206:279–89.
    641. Sokolik, I.N. (2002) The Spectral Radiative Signature of Wind-Blown Mineral Dust: Implications for Remote Sensing in the Thermal IR Region; Geophys. Res. Lett., 29, 2154; doi: 10.1029/2002gl015910.
    642. Sommer H, Künzli N, Seethaler R et al. (2000) An impact assessment project of Austria, France and Switzerland. Ancillary benefits and costs of greenhouse gas mitigation (Proceedings from an OECD Expert Workshop). OECD, New York.
    643. Spinhirne, J.D., Palm, S.P., Hart,W.D., Hlavka, D.L.,Welton, E.J. (2005) Cloud and aerosol measurements from GLAS: overview and initial results. Geophysical Research Letters 32, L22S03. doi:10.1029/2005GL023507.
    644. Stanfield JP (1993) Some aspects of the long-term effects of malnutrition on the behaviour of children in the Third World. Proceedings of the Nutritional Society, 52:201–210.
    645. Stavrakou, T.; Muller, J.F.; Boersma, K.F.; De Smedt, I.; van der A, R.J. (2008) Assessing the Distribution and Growth Rates of NOx Emission Sources by Inverting a 10-Year Record of NO2 Satellite Columns; Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L10801; doi: 10.1029/2008gl033521.
    646. Stein, A.F.; Rolph, G.D.; Draxler, R.R.; Stunder, B.; Ruminski, M. Verification of the NOAA Smoke Forecast: Model Sensitivity to the Injection Height; Weather Forecast. doi: 10.1175/2008WAF2222166.1.
    647. Stieb DM, Judek S, Burnett RT (2003) Meta-analysis of time-series studies of air pollution and mortality: update in relation to the use of generalized additive models. Journal of the Air and Waste Management Association, 53:258–261.
    648. Stolarski, R.S.; Krueger, A.J.; Schoeberl, M.R.; McPeters, R.D.; Newman, P.A.; Alpert, J.C. (1986) Nimbus 7 Satellite Measurements of the Springtime Antarctic Ozone Decrease; Nature, 322, 808-811.
    649. Stowe, L.L., Ignatov, A.M., Singh, R.R. (1992) Monitoring the Mt. Pinatubo aerosol layer with NOAA 11 AVHRR data. Geophysical Research Letters 19, 159–162.
    650. Streets, D.G., Zhang, Q.,Wang, L., He, K., Hao, J.,Wu, Y., Tang, Y., Carmichael, G.R. (2006) Revisiting China’s CO emissions after the Transport and Chemical Evolution over the Pacific (TRACE-P) mission: synthesis of inventories, atmospheric modeling, and observations. Journal of Geophysical Research 111, D14306. doi:10.1029/2006JD007118.
    651. Szafraniec K, Tecza W (1999) The effect of short-term changes in levels of air pollution on mortality from cardiovascular diseases among inhabitants of Krakow [in Polish]. Przeglad Lekarski, 56:698–703.
    652. Tager IB, Künzli N, Lurmann F, Ngo L, Segal M, Balmes J (1998) Methods development for epidemiologic investigations of the health effects of prolonged ozone exposure. Part II. An approach to retrospective estimation of lifetime ozone exposure using a questionnaire and ambient monitoring data (California sites). (Research Report No. 81.) Health Effects Institute, Cambridge,MA.
    653. Takayama, Y.; Takashima, T. (1986) Aerosol Optical Thickness of Yellow Sand over the Yellow Sea Derived from NOAA Satellite Data; Atmos. Environ., 20, 631-638.
    654. Tanaka, M.; Nakajima, T.; Shiobara, M. (1986) Calibration of a Sunphotometer by Simultaneous Measurements of Direct-Solar and Circumsolar Radiations; Appl. Opt., 25, 1170-1175.
    655. Tang, Y.H., et al. (2007) Influence of lateral and top boundary conditions on regional air quality prediction: a multiscale study coupling regional and global chemical transport models. Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres 112, D10S18. doi:10.1029/2006JD007515.
    656. Tanre´ , D., Deschamps, P.Y., Devaux, C., Herman, M. (1988) Estimation of Saharan aerosol optical thickness from blurring effects in thematic mapper data. Journal of Geophysical Research 93, 15955–15964.
    657. Tanre´ , D., Hermon, M., Kaufman, Y.J. (1996) Information on aerosol size distribution contained in solar reflectance spectral radiances. Journal of Geophysical Research 101, 19043–19060.
    658. Taubman, B.F., Hains, J.C., Thompson, A.M., Marufu, L.T., Doddridge, B.G., Stehr, J.W., Piety, C.A., Dickerson, R.R. (2006) Aircraft vertical profiles of trace gas and aerosol pollution over the mid-Atlantic United States: statistics and meteorological cluster analysis. Journal of Geophysical Research 111, D10S07. doi:10.1029/2005JD006196.
    659. Tellez-Rojo MM, Romieu I, Ruiz-Velasco S, Lezana MA, Hernandez-Avila MM (2000) Daily respiratory mortality and PM10 pollution in Mexico City: importance of considering place of death. European Respiratory Journal, 16:391–396.
    660. Test Specifications for PM10, PM2.5 and PM10–2.5 Candidate Equivalent Methods. CFR, Part 53, Title 40, 2006, Appendix C-4.
    661. Thomas, G.; Stamnes, K. (1999) Radiative Transfer in the Atmosphere and Ocean; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, MA.
    662. Tian, B., et al. (2008) Does the Madden–Julian oscillation influence aerosol variability? Journal of Geophysical Research 113, D12215. doi:10.1029/ 2007JD009372.
    663. Todd, W.J., George, A.J., Bryant, N.A. (1979) Satellite-aided evaluation of population exposure to air pollution. Environmental Science & Technology 13, 970–974.
    664. Toenges-Schuller, N., et al. (2006) Global distribution pattern of anthropogenic nitrogen oxide emissions: correlation analysis of satellite measurements and model calculations. Journal of Geophysical Research 111, D05312. doi:10.1029/2005JD006068.
    665. Tomasi, C. (1982) Evaluation of the Atmospheric Content of Particulate Mass from Visibility Observations; Il Nuovo Cimento C, 5, 223-246.
    666. Torres, O., Bhartia, P.K. (1999) Impact of tropospheric aerosol absorption on ozone retrieval from backscattered ultraviolet measurements. Journal of Geophysical Research 104, 21569–21577.
    667. Torres, O., Bhartia, P.K., Herman, J.R., Ahmad, Z., Gleason, J. (1998) Derivation of aerosol properties from satellite measurements of backscattered ultraviolet radiation – theoretical basis. Journal of Geophysical Research 103, 17099–17110.
    668. Torres, O., Bhartia, P.K., Sinyuk, A., Welton, E.J., Holben, B. (2005) Total ozone mapping spectrometer measurements of aerosol absorption from space: comparison to SAFARI 2000 ground-based observations. Journal of Geophysical Research 110, D10S18. doi:10.1029/ 2004JD004611.
    669. Torres, O., Tanskanen, A., Veihelmann, B., Ahn, C., Braak, R., Bhartia, P.K., Veefkind, J.P., Levelt, P.F., (2007) Aerosols and surface UV products from ozone monitoring instrument observations: an overview. Journal of Geophysical Research 112, D24S47. doi:10.1029/2007JD008809.
    670. Treatment of Data Influenced by Exceptional Events, Final Rule. CFR, Parts 50 and 51, Title 40, 2007.
    671. Turquety, S., Hadji-Lazaro, J., Clerbaux, C., Hauglustaine, D.A., Clough, S.A., Casse´ , V., Schlu¨ ssel, P., Me´ gie, G. (2004) Operational trace gas retrieval algorithm for the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer. Journal of Geophysical Research 109, D21301. doi:10.1029/ 2004JD004821.
    672. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1996) Review of the national ambient air quality standards for particulate matter: policy assessment of scientific and technical information: OAQPS staff paper (EPA-452\R-96-013.) Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC.
    673. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1997) National ambient air quality standards for particulate matter: final rule. (CFR Part 50, Federal register 62:1–54.) U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC.
    674. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (2002) Third external review draft of air quality criteria for particulate matter, April 2002. (EPA/600/p-99/002aC.) Office of Research and Development, Washington, DC.
    675. UN (2001) Demographic yearbook 1998. (United Nations Publication, Sales No. E/F.97.XIII.1.) Data also available at http://unstats.un.org/unsd/citydata/.
    676. USGS (1996) GTOPO30—Global digital elevation model, US geological survey. Eros Data Center, Sioux Falls, SD. Available at http://edcdaac.usgs.gov/gtopo30/gtopo30.asp.
    677. Vachon, F.; Royer, A.; Aube, M.; Toubbe, B.; O’Neill, N.T.; Teillet, P.M. (2004) Remote Sensing of Aerosols over North American Land Surfaces from POLDER and MODIS Measurements; Atmos. Environ., 38, 3501-3515.
    678. Valks, P.J.M., Koelemeijer, R.B.A., van Weele, M., van Velthoven, P., Fortuin, J.P.F., Kelder, H. (2003) Variability in tropical tropospheric ozone: analysis with GOME observations and a global model. Journal of Geophysical Research 108, 4328. doi:10.1029/2002JD002894.
    679. van der A, R.J., Eskes, H.J., Boersma, K.F., van Noije, T.P.C., Van Roozendael, M., De Smedt, I., Peters, D., Meijer, E.W. (2008) Trends, seasonal variability and dominant NOx source derived from a ten year record of NO2 measured from space. Journal of Geophysical Research – Atmospheres 113.
    680. van der A, R.J., Peters, D.H.M.U., Eskes, H., Boersma, K.F., Van Roozendael, M., De Smedt, I., Kelder, H.M. (2006) Detection of the trend and seasonal variation in tropospheric NO2 over China. Journal of Geophysical Research 111, D12317, doi:10.1029/2005JD006594.
    681. van Donkelaar, A., et al. (2008) Analysis of aircraft and satellite measurements from the intercontinental chemical transport experiment (INTEX-B) to quantify long-range transport of East Asian sulfur to Canada. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 8, 2999–3014.
    682. van Donkelaar, A., Martin, R.V., Park, R.J. (2006) Estimating ground-level PM2.5 with aerosol optical depth determined from satellite remote sensing. Journal of Geophysical Research 111, D21201. doi:10.1029/ 2005JD006996.
    683. van Noije, T.P.C., et al. (2006) Multi-model ensemble simulations of tropospheric NO2 compared with GOME retrievals for the year 2000. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 6, 2943–2979.
    684. Vandaele, A.-C., Hermans, C., Fally, S., Carleer, M., Colin, R., Me´ rienne, M.-F., Jenouvrier, A., Coquart, B. (2002) High-resolution Fourier transform measurement of the NO2 visible and near-infrared absorption crosssection: temperature and pressure effects. Journal of Geophysical Research 107, 4348. doi:10.1029/2001JD000971.
    685. Vantrepotte, V. & Melin, F. (2009) Temporal variability of 10-year global SeaWiFS timeseries of phytoplankton chlorophyll a concentration. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 66, 1547–1556.
    686. Volkamer, R.; Molina, L.T.; Molina, M.J.; Shirley, T.; Brune, W.H. (2005) DOAS Measurement of Glyoxal as an Indicator for Fast VOC Chemistry in Urban Air; Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L08806; doi: 10.1029/2005gl022616.
    687. Volz, A. and Kley, D.: Ozone Measurements in the 19th Century: An Evaluation of the Montsouris Series, Nature, 332, 240–242, 1988.
    688. Volz, F.E. (1973) Satellite Remote Sensing of Atmospheric Aerosol; J. Air Pollut. Control Assoc., 23, 527.
    689. Volz, F.E. (1974) Economical Multispectral Sun Photometer for Measurements of Aerosol Extinction from 0.44 µm to 1.6 µmand Precipitable Water; Appl. Opt., 13, 1732-1733.
    690. von Hoyningen-Huene, W., Freitag, M., Burrows, J.B. (2003) Retrieval of aerosol optical thickness over land surfaces from top-of-atmosphere radiance. Journal of Geophysical Research 108, 4260, doi:10.1029/ 2001JD002018.
    691. Waggoner, A.P.; Weiss, R.E. (1980) Comparison of Fine Particle Mass Concentration and Light Scattering Extinction in Ambient Aerosol; Atmos. Environ., 14, 623-626.
    692. Wagner, T.; Leue, C.; Wenig, M.; Pfeilsticker, K.; Platt, U. (2001) Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Enhanced Boundary Layer BrO Concentrations Measured by the GOME Instrument aboard ERS-2; J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 106, 24,225-24,235.
    693. Wagner, T.; Platt, U. (1998) Satellite Mapping of Enhanced BrO Concentrations in the Troposphere; Nature, 395, 486-490.
    694. Wang, J., Christopher, S.A. (2003) Intercomparison between satellitederived aerosol optical thickness and PM2.5 mass: implications for air quality studies. Geophysical Research Letters 30, 2095. doi:10.1029/ 2003GL018174.
    695. Wang, J., Martin, S.T. (2007) Satellite characterization of urban aerosols: importance of including hygroscopicity and mixing state in the retrieval algorithm. Journal of Geophysical Research 112, D17203. doi: 10.1029/2006JD008078.
    696. Wang, J.; Christopher, S.A. (2006) Mesoscale Modeling of Central American Smoke Transport to the United States: 2. Smoke Radiative Impact on Regional Surface Energy Budget and Boundary Layer Evolution; J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 111, D14S92; doi: 10.1029/2005jd006720.
    697. Wang, J.; Christopher, S.A.; Nair, U.S.; Reid, J.S.; Prins, E.M.; Szykman, J.; Hand, J.L. (2006) Mesoscale Modeling of Central American Smoke Transport to the United States: 1. “Top-Down” Assessment of Emission Strength and Diurnal Variation Impacts; J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 111, doi: 10.1029/2005jd006416.
    698. Wang, Y.X., McElroy, M.B., Boersma, K.F., Eskes, H.J., Veefkind, J.P. (2007a) Traffic restrictions associated with the Sino-African summit: reductions of NOx detected from space. Geophysical Research Letters 34, L08814. doi:10.1029/2007GL029326.
    699. Wang, Y.X., McElroy, M.B., Martin, R.V., Streets, D.G., Zhang, Q., Fu, T.-M. (2007b) Seasonal variability of NOx emissions over east China constrained by satellite observations: implications for combustion and microbial sources. Journal of Geophysical Research 112, D06301. doi: 10.1029/2006JD007538.
    700. Ware, D. M. & Thomson, R. E. (2005) Bottom-up ecosystem trophic dynamics determine fish production in the Northeast Pacific. Science 308, 1280–1284.
    701. Warner, J., Comer, M.M., Barnet, C.D., McMillan, W.W., Wolf, W., Maddy, E., Sachse, G., (2007) Acomparisonof satellite tropospheric carbonmonoxide measurements from AIRS and MOPITT during INTEX-A. Journal of Geophysical Research 112, D12S17. doi:10.1029/2006JD007925.
    702. Watson, J.G. (2002) Visibility: Science and Regulation; J. Air & Waste Manage. Assoc., 52, 628-713.
    703. Weaver, J.F.; Lindsey, D.; Bikos, D.; Schmidt, C.C.; Prins, E. (2004) Fire Detection Using GOES Rapid Scan Imagery; Weather Forecast., 19, 496-510.
    704. Wehrli, C. (2000) Calibrations of Filter Radiometers for Determination of Atmospheric Optical Depth; Metrollogia, 37, 419-422.
    705. Weinstein, M.; Suomi, V.E. (1961) Analysis of Satellite Infrared Radiation Measurements on a Synoptic Scale; Mon. Weather Rev., 89, 419- 428.
    706. Wen, G., Marshak, A., Cahalan, R.F., Remer, L.A., Kleidman, R.G., (2007) 3-D aerosol-cloud radiative interaction observed in collocated MODIS and ASTER images of cumulus cloud fields. Journal of Geophysical Research 112, D13204. doi:10.1029/2006JD008267.
    707. Wenig, M.; Kuhl, S.; Beirle, S.; Bucsela, E.; Jahne, B.; Platt, U.; Gleason, J.; Wagner, T. (2004) Retrieval and Analysis of Stratospheric NO2 from the Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment; J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 109, D04315; doi: 10.1029/2003jd003652.
    708. Wenig, M.; Spichtinger, N.; Stohl, A.; Held, G.; Beirle, S.; Wagner, T.; Jahne, B.; Platt, U. (2003) Intercontinental Transport of Nitrogen Oxide Pollution Plumes; Atmos. Chem. Phys., 3, 387-393.
    709. Wenig, M.O., Cede, A.M., Bucsela, E.J., Celarier, E.A., Boersma, K.F., Veefkind, J.P., Brinksma, E.J., Gleason, J.F., Herman, J.R. (2008) Validation of OMI tropospheric NO2 column densities using direct-Sun mode Brewer measurements at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. Journal of Geophysical Research 113, D16S45. doi:10.1029/2007JD008988.
    710. Wespes, C., Hurtmans, D., Herbin, H., Barret, B., Turquety, S., Hadji-Lazaro, J., Clerbaux, C., Coheur, P.-F. (2007) Satellite measurements of nitric acid global distributions in the troposphere and the stratosphere. Journal of Geophysical Research 112, D13311. doi:10.1029/2006JD008202.
    711. Wexler, H. (1962) TIROS Observational Results; Space Sci. Rev., 1, 7-67.
    712. Whiteman, D.N.; Veselovskii, I.; Cadirola, M.; Rush, K.; Comer, J.; Potter, J.R.; Tola, R. (2007) Demonstration Measurements of Water Vapor, Cirrus Clouds, and Carbon Dioxide Using a High-Performance Raman Lidar; J. Atmos. Oceanic Tech., 24, 1377-1388.
    713. WHO (1997) Health and environment in sustainable development: five years after the earth summit. World Health Organization, Geneva.
    714. WHO (2000a) Air quality guidelines for Europe. Second edition. (WHO Regional Publication, European Series, No. 91.) WHO Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen.
    715. WHO (2000b) Evaluation and use of epidemiological evidence for environmental health risk assessment. (EUR/00/5020369.) WHO Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen.
    716. WHO (2001a) Health impact assessment of air pollution in the WHO European Region. (Technical Report from WHO/ECEH Project.) WHO European Centre for Environment and Health, Bonn.
    717. WHO (2001b) Quantification of health effects of exposure to air pollution. WHO Regional Office for Europe. Available at http://www.euro.who.int/document/e74256.pdf.
    718. WHO (2001c) Air quality and health. Air Management Information System AMIS3.0. World Health Organization, Geneva.
    719. WHO (2002) World health report 2002. Reducing risks, promoting healthy life. World Health Organization, Geneva.
    720. WHO (2003) Health aspects of air pollution with particulate matter, ozone and nitrogen dioxide. WHO Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen. Available at http://www.euro.who.int/document/e79097.pdf.
    721. Wiggert, J. D., Murtugudde, R. G. & Christian, J. R. (2006) Annual ecosystem variability in the tropical Indian Ocean: results of a coupled bio-physical ocean general circulation model. Deep Sea Res. II 53, 644–676.
    722. Wilhelm M, Ritz B (2003) Residential proximity to traffic and adverse birth outcomes in Los Angeles county, California, 1994–1996. Environmental Health Perspectives, 111:207–216.
    723. Winker, D.M., Pelon, J., McCormick, M.P. (2003) The CALIPSO mission: spaceborne lidar for observation of aerosols and clouds. In: Proceedings of SPIE, vol. 4893, pp. 1–11.
    724. Winker, D.M.; Hunt, W.H.; McGill, M.J. (2007) Initial Performance Assessment of CALIOP; Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L19803; doi: 10.1029/ 2007gl030135.
    725. Winner, D.A., Cass, G.R., Harley, R.A. (1995) Effect of alternative boundary conditions on predicted ozone control strategy performance: a case studyin the LosAngeles area. Atmospheric Environment 29,3451–3464.
    726. Wittrock, F.; Richter, A.; Oetjen, H.; Burrows, J.P.; Kanakidou, M.; Myriokefalitakis, S.; Volkamer, R.; Beirle, S.; Platt, U.; Wagner, T. (2006) Simultaneous Global Observations of Glyoxal and Formaldehyde from Space; Geophys. Res. Lett. 2006, 33, L16804; doi: 10.1029/2006gl026310.
    727. WMO/GAW Experts Workshop on a Global Surface-Based Network for Long Term Observations of Column Aerosol Optical Properties; World Meteorological Organization: Geneva, Switzerland, 2005.
    728. Wojtyniak B, Piekarska T (1996) Short term effect of air pollution on mortality in Polish urban populations—what is different? Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 50:S36–41.
    729. Wolff, G.T.; Ferman, M.A.; Kelly, N.A.; Ruthkosky, M.S.; Stroup, D.P. (1982) The Relationships between the Chemical Composition of Fine Particles and Visibility in the Detroit Metropolitan Area; J. Air Pollut. Control Assoc., 32, 1216-1220.
    730. Wong CM, Atkinson RW, Anderson HR et al. (2002) A tale of two cities: effects of air pollution on hospital admissions in Hong Kong and London compared. Environmental Health Perspectives, 110:67–77.
    731. Wong CM, Ma S, Hedley AJ, Lam TH (2001) Effect of air pollution on daily mortality in Hong Kong. Environmental Health Perspectives, 109:335–340.
    732. Woodruff TJ, Grillo J, Schoendorf KC (1997) The relationship between selected causes of post neonatal mortality and particulate air pollution in the United States. Environmental Health Perspectives, 105:608–612.
    733. Worden, H.M., et al. (2007a) Comparisons of Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (TES) ozone profiles to ozonesondes: methods and initial results. Journal of Geophysical Research 112, D03309. doi:10. 1029/2006JD007258.
    734. Worden, J., Kulawik, S.S., Shephard, M.W., Clough, S.A., Worden, H., Bowman, K., Goldman, A. (2004) Predicted errors of tropospheric emission spectrometer nadir retrievals from spectral window selection. Journal of Geophysical Research 109, D09308. doi:10.1029/ 2004JD004522.
    735. Worden, J., Liu, X., Bowman, K., Chance, K., Beer, R., Eldering, A., Gunson, M., Worden, H. (2007b) Improved tropospheric ozone profile retrievals using OMI and TES radiances. Geophysical Research Letters 34, L01809. doi:10.1029/2006GL027806.
    736. Working Group on Public Health and Fossil Fuel Combustion (1997) Short-term improvements in public health from global-climate policies on fossil fuel combustion: an interim report. The Lancet, 350:1341–1349.
    737. World Bank (2002) World development indicators 2002. World Bank, Washington.
    738. Worm, B. & Lotze, H. K. (2009) in Climate and Global Change: Observed Impacts on Planet Earth (ed. Letcher, T.) , Elsevier 263–279.
    739. XenQuan Yap, MazlanHashim and MagedMarghany. (2011) Retrieval of PM10 Concentration from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) derived AOD in Peninsular Malaysia,  Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS), 2011 IEEE International, ISSN: 2153-6996  , 4022 – 4025, doi: 10.1109/IGARSS.2011.6050114.
    740. Xia, X.G.; Eck, T.F.; Holben, B.N.; Phillippe, G.; Chen, H.B. (2008) Analysis of the Weekly Cycle of Aerosol Optical Depth Using AERONET and MODIS Data; J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 113, D14217; doi: 10.1029/2007jd009604.
    741. Xiong, X.Z.; Barnet, C.; Maddy, E.; Sweeney, C.; Liu, X.P.; Zhou, L.H.; Goldberg, M. (2008) Characterization and Validation of Methane Products from the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS); J. Geophys. Res. Biogeosci., 113, G00A01; doi: 10.1029/2007jg000500.
    742. Xu X, Gao J, Dockery DW, Chen Y (1994) Air pollution and daily mortality in residential areas of Beijing, China. Archives of Environmental Health, 49:216–222.
    743. Xu ZY, Yu DG, Jing LB, Xu XP (2000) Air pollution and daily mortality in Shenyang, China. Archives of Environmental Health, 55:115–120.
    744. Yoder, J. A. & Kennelly, M. A. (2003) Seasonal and ENSO variability in global ocean phytoplankton chlorophyll derived from 4 years of SeaWiFS measurements. Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles 17, 1–24.
    745. Yu, H.; Kaufman, Y.J.; Chin, M.; Feingold, G.; Remer, L.A.; Anderson, T.L.; Balkanski, Y.; Bellouin, N.; Boucher, O.; Christopher, S.; DeCola, P.; Kahn, R.; Koch, D.; Loeb, N.; Reddy, M.S.; Schulz, M.; Takemura, T.; Zhou, M. (2006) A Review of Measurement-Based Assessments of the Aerosol Direct Radiative Effect and Forcing; Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 613-666.
    746. Yu, S.C.; Mathur, R.; Schere, K.; Kang, D.W.; Pleim, J.; Young, J.; Tong, D.; Pouliot, G.; McKeen, S.A.; Rao, S.T. (2008) Evaluation of Real-Time PM2.5 Forecasts and Process Analysis for PM2.5 Formation over the Eastern United States Using the Eta-CMAQ Forecast Model during the 2004 ICARTT Study; J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 113, D06204; doi: 10.1029/2007jd009226.
    747. Zeger SL, Dominici F, Samet J (1999) Harvesting-resistant estimates of air pollution effects on mortality. Epidemiology, 10:171–175.
    748. Zeger SL, Thomas D, Dominici F et al. (2000) Exposure measurement error in time-series studies of air pollution: concepts and consequences. Environmental Health Perspectives, 108:419–426.
    749. Zhang J, Qian Z, Kong L, Zhou L, Yan L, Chapman RS (1999) Effects of air pollution on respiratory health of adults in three Chinese cities. Archives of Environmental Health, 54:373–381.
    750. Zhang JJ, Hu W, Wei F, Wu G, Korn LR, Chapman RS (2002) Children’s respiratory morbidity prevalence in relation to air pollution in four Chinese cities. Environmental Health Perspectives, 110:961–967.
    751. Zhang, H.; Hoff, R.M.; Engel-Cox, J.A. (2009) The Relation between MODIS Aerosol Optical Depth and PM2.5 over the United States: a Geographical Comparison by EPA Regions; J. Air & Waste Manage. Assoc., ISSN:1047-3289 J. 59:1358 –1369, DOI:10.3155/1047-3289.59.11.1358 in press.
    752. Zhang, J., Reid, J.S., Holben, B.N. (2005) An analysis of potential cloud artifacts in MODIS over ocean aerosol optical thickness products. Geophysical Research Letters 32, L15803. doi:10.1029/ 2005GL023254.
    753. Zhang, L., et al. (2008) Transpacific ozone pollution mechanisms and the effect of recent Asian emission increases on airquality inNorthAmerica. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Discussions 8, 8143–8191.
    754. Zhang, Q., et al. (2007) NOx emission trends for China, 1995–2004: the view from the ground and the view from space. Journal of Geophysical Research 112, D22306. doi:10.1029/2007JD008684.
    755. Zhang, X.Y.; Kondragunta, S. (2006) Estimating Forest Biomass in the USA Using Generalized Allometric Models and MODIS Land Products; Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L09402; doi: 10.1029/2006gl025879.
    756. Zhang, X.Y.; Kondragunta, S.; Schmidt, C.; Kogan, F. (2008) Near Real Time Monitoring of Biomass Burning Particulate Emissions (PM2.5) across Contiguous United States Using Multiple Satellite Instruments; Atmos. Environ., 42, 6959-6972.
    757. Ziemke, J.R., Chandra, S., Duncan, B.N., Froidevaux, L., Bhartia, P.K., Levelt, P. F., Waters, J.W. (2006) Tropospheric ozone determined from Aura OMI and MLS: evaluation of measurements and comparison with the global modeling initiative’s chemical transport model. Journal of Geophysical Research 111, D19303. doi:10.1029/2006JD007089.
    758. Zwally, H.J.; Schutz, B.; Abdalati, W.; Abshire, J.; Bentley, C.; Brenner, A.; Bufton, J.; Dezio, J.; Hancock, D.; Harding, D.; Herring, T.; Minster, B.; Quinn, K.; Palm, S.; Spinhirne, J.; Thomas, R. (2002) ICESat’s Laser Measurements of Polar Ice, Atmosphere, Ocean, and Land; J. Geodyn., 34, 405-445.
    759. Behrenfeld, M. J. et al. (2006) Climate-driven trends in contemporary ocean productivity. Nature 444, 752–755,  doi:10.1038/nature05317.
    760. Cooper, O. R., Parrish, D. D., Stohl, A., Trainer, M., Ned´ elec, P., ´Thouret, V., Cammas, J. P., Oltmans, S. J., Johnson, B. J., Tarasick, D., Leblanc, T., McDermid, I. S., Jaffe, D., Gao, R., Stith, J., Ryerson, T., Aikin, K., Campos, T., Weinheimer, A., and Avery, M. A.: (2010) Increasing springtime ozone mixing ratios in the free troposphere over western North America, Nature, 463, 344–348, doi:10.1038/nature08708.
    761. Doney, S. C. Plankton in a warmer world. Nature 444, 695–696 (2006).
    762. Falkowski, P. & Wilson, C. (1992) Phytoplankton productivity in the North Pacific ocean since 1900 and implications for absorption of anthropogenic CO2. Nature 358, 741–743.
    763. Kaufman, Y.J., Tanre, D., Boucher, O. (2002) A satellite view of aerosols in climate systems. Nature 419, 215–223.
    764. Law, K.: Atmospheric chemistry: More ozone over North America, Nature, 463, 307–308, 2010.
    765. Munro, R., Siddans, R., Reburn, W.J., Kerridge, B.J. (1998) Direct measurement of tropospheric ozone distributions from space. Nature 392, 168–171.
    766. Page, S. E., Siegert, F., Rieley, J. O., Boehm, H.-D. V., Jaya, A., and Limin, S.: (2002) The amount of carbon release from peat and forest fires in Indonesia during 1997, Nature, 420, 61–65.
    767. Pauly, D.&Christensen, V. (1995) Primary production required to sustain global fisheries. Nature 374, 255–257.
    768. Richter, A., Burrows, J.P., Nuss, H., Granier, C., Niemeier, U. (2005) Significant increase in tropospheric nitrogen dioxide over China observed from space. Nature 437, 129–132. doi:10.1038/nature04092.
    769. Stolarski, R.S.; Krueger, A.J.; Schoeberl, M.R.; McPeters, R.D.; Newman, P.A.; Alpert, J.C. (1986) Nimbus 7 Satellite Measurements of the Springtime Antarctic Ozone Decrease; Nature, 322, 808-811.
    770. Volz, A. and Kley, D.: Ozone Measurements in the 19th Century: An Evaluation of the Montsouris Series, Nature, 332, 240–242, 1988.
    771. Wagner, T.; Platt, U. (1998) Satellite Mapping of Enhanced BrO Concentrations in the Troposphere; Nature, 395, 486-490.

 

INSTeG Disclaimer

Research Ecosystem
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia UTM Nexus - Research & Innovation

Office of Deputy Vice Chancellor (Research & Innovation)

DVCRI Profile Johor Bahru Office Kuala Lumpur Office

Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HI-COE)

Advance Membrane Technology Research Centre - AMTEC Institute of Noise & Vibration - INV Wireless Communication Centre - WCC

Research Institute

Centre of Excellence (COE)

Institute of High Voltage & High Current - IVAT UTM-MPRC Institue for Oil & Gas - IFOG Centre for Artificial Intelligence & Robotics - CAIRO Centre for Engineering Education - CEE Centre for Advanced Composite Materials - CACM Innovation Centre in Agritechnology for Advanced Bioprocessing - ICA Institute of Bioproduct Development - IBD

Service Entity

Research Management Centre - RMC Penerbit UTM Press Centre for Community & Industry Network - CCIN Innovation & Commercialisation Centre - ICC University Laboratory Management Centre - PPMU Institut Sultan Iskandar - UTM-ISI

Get the latest news & events

Customer Satisfaction Index