Laser and photonics

Laser and photonics

  Dr. Ganesan Khrishnan A laser is a device that emits light through a process of optical amplification based on the stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation. The term “laser” originated as an acronym for “light amplification by...
Operational research

Operational research

  Assoc. Prof. Dr. Zaitul Marlizawati Zainuddin Operational research (OR) is a discipline that deals with the application of advanced analytical methods to help make better decisions. Further, the term operational analysis is used in the British (and some British...
Stochastic process

Stochastic process

  Assoc. Prof. Dr. Arifah Bahar In probability theory and related fields, a stochastic or random process is a mathematical object usually defined as a family of random variables. Historically, the random variables were associated with or indexed by a set of...
Catalysis in the immiscible liquid-liquid system

Catalysis in the immiscible liquid-liquid system

  Prof. Dr. Hadi Nur Modern concepts in catalysis that emerge currently use of the existing basic principles of physics and chemistry of catalytic processes. One of the important catalytic systems is catalysis in the immiscible liquid-liquid system. It has...
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